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Single Phase Transformer
By:
Anzum
Assistant Professor
 LIST OF CONTENTS:

 Introduction
 Necessity of Transformer
 Construction
 Working
 Classification of Transformer
 Emf Equation
 Losses in Transformer
 Efficiency
 Condition for Maximum Efficiency
 Voltage Regulation
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 INTRODUCTION

 Transformer is a static (or stationary) electrical device that can

i. Transfer the electrical power from one electrical circuit to
another.
ii. Does this by increasing or decreasing the voltage and by
decreasing or increasing the current.
iii. Does this without changing the frequency.

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 NECESSITY OF TRANSFORMER:

 One of the reasons for utilization of electricity in AC form was, transformer can work on AC supply.
 Since then, transformer is one of the most important part in every sector including generation, transmission, distribution &
utilization of electrical energy. It can efficiently transmit electricity from one voltage level to other.
 After generating electricity, the transmission need to be done at higher voltage in order to reduce the losses; for this we
require step up transformers.
 The transmission lines are terminated at the distribution station wherein we need to step down the voltage; for which a step down
transformers is used.
 In power system at some stages, we require isolation at same voltages, here one-to-one or isolation transformers are used.
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 CONSTRUCTION OF TRANSFORMER:

Magnetic Core Windings (or coils)

Made up of Two inductive

laminated sheets of windings
steel (primary and
secondary), made
up of copper

Provides low
reluctance magnetic Carries primary
path for the flow of and secondary
flux winding currents

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 WORKING PRINCIPLE:

 The working principle of transformer is Faraday’s law of

Electromagnetic Induction.
 The operation of a transformer is mutual inductance which states
that “when two coils are inductively coupled and if current in one
coil is changed uniformly then an emf gets induced in the other
coil”.
 The winding to which supply is given is called the Primary winding
(P) and the other which is connected to the load is called Secondary
winding (S).
 When the primary winding is excited by an alternating voltage, an
alternating current flows through it. This current produces an
alternating flux (ɸ) which complete its path through common
magnetic core.
 This alternating flux links with the secondary winding and according
to Faraday’s law of Electromagnetic Induction, mutually induced
emf gets developed in the secondary winding.
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 WORKING:

 Let, N1 and N2 be the number of turns in primary and

secondary winding respectively.
 The self induced emf in the primary winding is given by:
𝑑𝜑
𝐸1 = −𝑁1 ( ) −−−−−−− − 1
𝑑𝑡
 The mutual induced emf in the secondary winding is
given by:
𝑑𝜑
𝐸2 = −𝑁2 ( ) −−−−−−− − 2
𝑑𝑡
Therefore, from equation (1) and (2) we get, • If k>1, secondary voltage is more than the primary voltage
𝐸2 𝑁2 and the transformer acts as “Step-Up Transformer”.
= =𝑘 • If k<1, secondary voltage is less than the primary voltage
𝐸1 𝑁1
and the transformer acts as “Step-Down Transformer”.
Where k is known as Transformation Ratio or Turns Ratio. • If k=1, the transformer is called as 1:1 transformer and is
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generally used for isolation purpose.
CLASSIFICATION OF SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER:

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CORE AND SHELL TYPE TRANSFORMERS:

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DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CORE TYPE AND SHELL TYPE TRANSFORMER:

Core Type Shell Type

 The windings encircles the core.  The core encircles most part of the windings.
 It has double magnetic circuit.
 It has single magnetic circuit.
 In single phase, core has three limbs.
 In single phase, core has two limbs.
 Multilayer disc type or sandwich type of coils are
 The cylindrical type of coils are used. used.
 As windings are surrounded by the core, the natural
 As windings are distributed, the natural cooling does not exist.
cooling is more effective.
 For removing any winding for the maintenance,
 The coils can be removed for maintenance. large number of laminations are required to be
removed. This is difficult.
 It has less protection to the coils.  It has better protection to the coils.
 Preferred for low voltage transformer.  Preferred for high voltage transformer. 11
 E.M.F. EQUATION OF A TRANSFORMER:
 Consider a transformer having

𝑁1 = No. of primary turns

𝑁2 = No. of secondary turns

𝜑𝑚 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥. 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑥 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒, 𝑊𝑏

𝑓= frequency in Hz

When the current flows through the primary winding, it will set up flux that varies sinusoidally as shown:

The flux changes from zero to 𝜑𝑚 in one quarter cycle.

𝜑𝑚
Therefore, the average rate of change of flux = = 4𝑓𝜑𝑚
1/4𝑓

Average emf induced per turn= Average rate of change of flux × 1 = 4𝑓𝜑𝑚 volts

RMS value of emf induced/ turn = 4𝑓𝜑𝑚 × 𝑘𝑓 Sinusoidal Flux

= 4𝑓𝜑𝑚 × 1.11

= 4.44𝑓𝜑𝑚 volts

Therefore, RMS value of emf induced in primary winding , 𝐸1 = 4.44𝑓𝜑𝑚 × 𝑁1 volts

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RMS value of emf induced in primary winding , 𝐸2 = 4.44𝑓𝜑𝑚 × 𝑁2 volts
LOSSES IN TRANSFORMER:

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 CORE OR IRON LOSSES:

Hysteresis Losses Eddy Current Losses

Reason: Magnetisation and Reason: Due to generation of eddy
Demagnetisation of the core due to currents in the core, causing power
alternating flux in the core. loss.
1.6 𝑓𝑣 2 2 2
𝑃ℎ = 𝑘ℎ 𝐵𝑚 𝑃𝑒 = 𝑘𝑒 𝐵𝑚 𝑓 𝑡
Minimization: By using high grade Minimization: By establishing high
core material like silicon steel with resistance path using thin
low hysteresis loop laminations
𝑷𝒊 = 𝑷𝒉 + 𝑷𝒆 14
COPPER OR OHMIC LOSSES:

 Reason: Power wasted in the form of 𝐼2 𝑅 loss due to resistance of the primary and
secondary windings.
𝑷𝒄𝒖 = 𝑰𝟐𝟏 𝑹𝟏 + 𝑰𝟐𝟐 𝑹𝟐
𝑃𝑐𝑢 = 𝐼12 𝑅01 ------------ when referred to primary winding
𝑃𝑐𝑢 = 𝐼22 𝑅02 ------------when referred to secondary winding
𝑅2
Where, 𝑅01 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2′ and 𝑅2′ =
𝑘2
And 𝑅02 = 𝑅2 + 𝑅1′ and 𝑅1′ = 𝑘 2 𝑅1

In a Transformer, Total Losses= Core Losses+ Copper Losses

𝑷 = 𝑷𝒊 + 𝑷𝒄𝒖
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 EFFICIENCY OF A TRANSFORMER:

 The efficiency of a transformer is the ratio of output power to input power at any load and power
factor.
𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦, 𝜂 =
𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟

 Input Power= Output Power+ Losses

= Output Power+ Core Losses+ Cu Losses
𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
Therefore, 𝜂 =
𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟+𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠+𝐶𝑢 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠
𝑽𝟐 𝑰𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝓𝟐
𝜼=
𝑽𝟐 𝑰𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝓𝟐 + 𝑷𝒊 + (𝑰𝟐𝟏 𝑹𝟏 + 𝑰𝟐𝟐 𝑹𝟐 )
Efficiency may also be expressed as:
𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 − 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠
𝜂=
𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠
𝜂 =1−
𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 16
 CONDITION FOR MAXIMUM EFFICIENCY:
 The transformer’s efficiency, in general, is in the range of 95 – 99 %.

 Let, Pi= Core Losses and 𝐼12 𝑅01 = Cu Losses

𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠
𝜂 = 1−
𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
𝑃𝑖 + 𝐼12 𝑅01
𝜂 = 1−( )
𝑉1 𝐼1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜙1
𝑃𝑖 𝐼12 𝑅01
𝜂 = 1− −
𝑉1 𝐼1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜙1 𝑉1 𝐼1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜙1
𝑑𝜂
The efficiency is maximum for a given power factor when the above equation is differentiated w.r.t. 𝐼1 and equated to zero, 𝑑𝐼1
=0

𝑑𝜂 𝑃 𝑖 𝑅
01
= 0+ 𝑉 𝐼2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 − 𝑉 𝑐𝑜𝑠 =0
𝑑𝐼1 1 1 𝜙 1 1 𝜙1
𝑃𝑖 𝑅01
2 =
𝑉1 𝐼1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜙1 𝑉1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜙1

𝑷𝒊= 𝑰𝟐𝟏 𝑹𝟎𝟏 or 𝑷𝒊 = 𝑰𝟐𝟐 𝑹𝟎𝟐 -----------------------------------------(1)

Hence, condition for maximum efficiency is,

Core Losses= Copper Losses

From equation (1) the value of output current I2 at which the transformer efficiency will be maximum is given as
𝑃𝑖
𝐼2 =
𝑅02 17
 kVA CORRESPONDING TO MAXIMUM EFFICIENCY:

 If 𝑥 is the fraction of full load KVA at which the efficiency of the transformer is maximum,
 Then, copper losses = 𝑥2𝑃𝑐𝑢 (where 𝑃𝑐𝑢 is the full load copper losses)
 Iron losses = 𝑃𝑖
 For maximum efficiency 𝑥2 𝑃𝑐𝑢 = 𝑃𝑖
𝑃𝑖
𝑥=
𝑃𝑐𝑢

Therefore, Output KVA corresponding to maximum efficiency

= 𝑥 × 𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑘𝑉𝐴
𝑃𝑖
= × 𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑘𝑉𝐴
𝑃𝑐𝑢

The efficiency at any fraction of full load can be calculated using,

𝒙𝒌𝑽𝑨𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝓𝟐
%𝜼𝒙 = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝒙𝒌𝑽𝑨𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝓𝟐 + 𝑷𝒊 + 𝒙𝟐 𝑷𝒄𝒖
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 VOLTAGE REGULATION:

 The voltage regulation of a transformer is defined as the rise in secondary output voltage expressed as
a fraction of full load rated voltage, when full load at a specified power factor is reduced to zero (no
load) keeping the primary input voltage constant.
 The equation for the voltage regulation of transformer, represented in percentage, is
𝐸2 − 𝑉2
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 % = × 100
𝑉2

Voltage Regulation Characteristics 19