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Statistics and Probability

The document discusses key concepts in statistics and probability, including the normal distribution which is widely used to model many naturally occurring phenomena. It describes how the normal distribution is characterized by the mean and standard deviation and is bell-shaped. The empirical rule is introduced, which states that approximately 68%, 95%, and 99% of the values in a normally distributed data set fall within 1, 2, and 3 standard deviations of the mean, respectively.

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Manuel Reantazo
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232 views14 pages

Statistics and Probability

The document discusses key concepts in statistics and probability, including the normal distribution which is widely used to model many naturally occurring phenomena. It describes how the normal distribution is characterized by the mean and standard deviation and is bell-shaped. The empirical rule is introduced, which states that approximately 68%, 95%, and 99% of the values in a normally distributed data set fall within 1, 2, and 3 standard deviations of the mean, respectively.

Uploaded by

Manuel Reantazo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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STATISTICS AND

PROBABILITY
• Quartiles
– Solve for Q1,
Classes f <cumf
11 – 22 3
23 – 34 5
35 – 46 11
47 – 58 19
59 – 70 14
71 – 82 6
83 – 94 2
NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
One of the widely utilized probability
distributions is the normal distribution.
Several mathematicians were instrumental in
its development. Among them were
Abraham de Moivre (1667-1754) and Karl
Freidrich Gauss (1775-1855). In honor of the
latter’s work, the normal probability
distribution is sometimes called the Gaussian
distribution.
A lot of statistical investigations have
shown that many variables are normally
distributed. Such variables include weight
and height of men, NCEE scores,
intelligence quotient of students, and
other measurements like life expectancy of
electric bulbs, breaking strength of ropes,
and many more.
THE CONCEPT OF NORMAL
DISTRIBUTION
• Objective - to be able to explain for some
variables the relation between the intervals of its
values and their corresponding probabilities.

Generally, the graph of a normally distributed set


of data is bell-shaped and is symmetric around a
vertical line created at the center. The curve has
two tails on both sides that extend indefinitely in
opposite direction. The two tails do not intersect
with the horizontal axis.
X̅
Graph of a Normally Distributed Set of Data

The curve of a normally distributed set of data can be described by


the value of the mean and the standard deviation. This implies that
different values of x̅ and s will give different normal curves
EMPIRICAL RULE

x̅
s s s X̅ s s s

The Subdivision of the Horizontal Axis into Equal


Sub-intervals with 1Unit Equal to 1 Standard
Deviation
• We shall consider three specific intervals with which
we can associate three mathematical facts called the
Empirical Rule. For any normally distributed set of
data, we can say that
1. At least 68% of the values in the given set of data
fall within plus or minus 1 standard deviation from
the mean. (x̅ – 1s) – (x̅ + 1s)
2. At least 95% of the values in a given set of data fall
within plus or minus 2 standard deviation from the
mean. (x̅ - 2s) – (x̅ + 2s)
3. At least 99% of the values in a given set of data fall
within plus or minus 3 standard deviations from the
mean. (x̅ - 3s) – (x̅ + 3s)
1. (x̅ – 1s) – (x̅ + 1s)

2. (x̅ - 2s) – (x̅ + 2s)

3. (x̅ - 3s) – (x̅ + 3s)


To illustrate the significance of the empirical rule, consider
the NCEE scores of the students in a certain college whose
mean is 75 and a standard deviation of 8. Assuming
normality of data, then from empirical rule, we can say
that

a. Approximately , 68% of the students in that college have NCEE


scores between 75 plus or minus 8, that is,
75 – 1(8) – 75 + 1(8)
67 – 83
b. Approximately, 95% of the students in that college have NCEE
scores between 75 plus or minus 2 times the standard deviation, 8.
75 – 2(8) – 75 + 2(8)
75 – 16 - 75 + 16
51 – 91
c. Approximately , 99% of the students in that college have NCEE
scores between 75 plus or minus 3 times the standard deviation, 8
that is,
75 – 3(8) – 75 + 3(8)
75 – 24 - 75 + 24
51 – 99

51 59 67 75 83 91 99

The graph of the NCEE Scores of the students in a certain College. The
length of the Sub-interval is Equal to 1 Standard Deviation
GROUP ACTIVITY
• Mechanics
– You will be grouped into 3.
– The score of this will be 20 points,
– The first group who can be sold and show the
solution will be given a score of 20 points.
– The second group will be given 15 points
– And the third group 10 points
• In the past Statistics Classes, records show
that the Average Score of the students in mid-
term exam was computed to be equal to 83.5
with a standard deviation of 4.82, assuming
the normality of the data.
• Show your solution
• And make a graph stating the length of the
subinterval is equal to 1 standard deviation.
• Assignment
– In a certain college, the mean NCEE score of the
students was computed to be equal to 75 with a
standard deviation of 7.75, assuming normality of
the data.

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