Wireless Transmission: Analog and Digital Data Analog and Digital Signals
Wireless Transmission: Analog and Digital Data Analog and Digital Signals
Techniques
Wireless transmission
Analog and digital data
Analog and digital signals
Reasons for Choosing Encoding
Techniques
Digital data, digital signal
Equipment less complex and expensive than digital-to-
analog modulation equipment
Analog data, digital signal
Permits use of modern digital transmission and
switching equipment
Reasons for Choosing Encoding
Techniques
Digital data, analog signal
Some transmission media will only propagate analog
signals
E.g., optical fiber and unguided media
Analog data, analog signal
Analog data in electrical form can be transmitted easily
and cheaply
Done with voice transmission over voice-grade lines
Types of Encoding
Digital-to-analog: Digital data and digital signals
must be converted to analog signals for wireless
transmission.
Analog-to-analog: Typically, a baseband analog
signal, such as voice or video, must be modulated
onto a higher-frequency carrier for transmission.
Analog-to-digital: Digitize voice signals prior to
transmission over guided/unguided to improve
quality and to take advantage of TDM schemes.
For wireless transmission, the resulting digital data
must be modulated onto an analog carrier.
Signal Encoding Criteria
Key Terms:
Signal Encoding Criteria
What determines how successful a receiver will be
in interpreting an incoming signal?
Signal-to-noise ratio
Data rate
Bandwidth
An increase in data rate increases bit error rate
An increase in SNR decreases bit error rate
An increase in bandwidth allows an increase in
data rate
Factors Used to Compare
Encoding Schemes
Encoding Scheme: mapping from data bits to
signal elements
Comparison of schemes:
Signal spectrum
With lack of high-frequency components, less
bandwidth required
With no dc component, ac coupling via
transformer possible
Transfer function of a channel is worse near band
edges
Factors Used to Compare
Encoding Schemes
Encoding Scheme: mapping from data bits to
signal elements
Comparison of schemes:
Clocking
Ease of determining beginning and end of each
bit position
Signal interference and noise immunity
Performance in the presence of noise
Factors Used to Compare
Encoding Schemes
Encoding Scheme: mapping from data bits to
signal elements
Comparison of schemes:
Cost and complexity
The higher the signal rate to achieve a given data
rate, the greater the cost
Basic Encoding Techniques
Digital data to analog signal
Amplitude-shift keying (ASK)
Amplitude difference of carrier frequency
Frequency-shift keying (FSK)
Frequency difference near carrier frequency
Phase-shift keying (PSK)
Phase of carrier signal shifted
Basic Encoding Techniques
Amplitude-Shift Keying
One binary digit represented by presence of
carrier, at constant amplitude
Other binary digit represented by absence of
carrier
Acos
st
2fct binary1
0 binary0
Acos
st
2f1t binary1
2f2t
Acos
binary0
i
s t A
cos
2fit 1 i M
f i = f c + (2i – 1 – M)f d
f c = the carrier frequency
f d = the difference frequency
M = number of different signal elements = 2 L
L = number of bits per signal element
Multiple Frequency-Shift Keying
(MFSK)
To match data rate of input bit stream,
each output signal element is held for:
Ts=LT seconds
where T is the bit period (data rate = 1/T)
So, one signal element encodes L bits
Multiple Frequency-Shift Keying
(MFSK)
Total bandwidth required
2Mfd
Minimum frequency separation required
2fd=1/Ts
Therefore, modulator requires a bandwidth
of
Wd=2L/LT=M/Ts
Multiple Frequency-Shift Keying
(MFSK)
Phase-Shift Keying (PSK)
Two-level PSK (BPSK)
Uses two phases to represent binary digits
Acos
st
2fct binary1
A 2fctbinary0
cos
2fct binary1
Acos
Acos
2fct binary0
Phase-Shift Keying (PSK)
Differential PSK (DPSK)
Phase shift with reference to previous bit
Binary 0 – signal burst of same phase as
previous signal burst
Binary 1 – signal burst of opposite phase to
s t
A cos 01
4
3
fct
2
A cos 00
4
A cos
2
fct
10
4
Phase-Shift Keying (PSK)
Circuit:
Phase-Shift Keying (PSK)
Notes:
I(t) = in-phase time domain input
Q(t) = quadrature time domain input
(multiples of 90O) shifted
Phase-Shift Keying (PSK)
Notes:
OQPSK: Offset Quadrature Phase-Shift
Keying
With time delay offset at the quadrature time
domain input
Phase-Shift Keying (PSK)
QPSK vs. OQPSK:
Phase-Shift Keying (PSK)
Multilevel PSK
Using multiple phase angles with each angle
having more than one amplitude, multiple
signals elements can be achieved
R R
D
L log
2M
R = bit rate
0 < r < 1; related to how signal is filtered
DF = f2-fc=fc-f1
Performance
Bandwidth of modulated signal (BT)
1 1
r r
MPSK B
T R
R
L log
2M
MFSK
1 rM
T
B
log
R
2M
L = number of bits encoded per signal element
M = number of different signal elements
Performance
Minimum Shift Keying (MSK)
Found in mobile communication system
Superior bandwidth efficiency to BFSK
with only a modest decrease in error
performance
A form of BFSK
Quadrature Amplitude
Modulation
QAM is a combination of ASK and PSK
Two different signals sent simultaneously on
the same carrier frequency
s
t
d
1
tcos
2
ft
c
d
2
tsin
2f
ct
Quadrature Amplitude
Modulation
Reasons for Analog Modulation
Modulation of digital signals
When only analog transmission facilities are
available, digital to analog conversion required
Modulation of analog signals
A higher frequency may be needed for effective
transmission
Modulation permits frequency division
multiplexing
Basic Encoding Techniques
Analog data to analog signal
Amplitude modulation (AM)
Angle modulation
Frequency modulation (FM)
Phase modulation (PM)
Amplitude Modulation
Amplitude Modulation
s
t
1n
a
x
tcos
2f
ct
cos2fct = carrier
x(t) = input signal
na = modulation index
Ratio of amplitude of input signal to carrier
Phase modulation
Phase is proportional to modulating signal
t npm
t
np = phase modulation index
Angle Modulation
Frequency modulation
Derivative of the phase is proportional to
modulating signal
'
t nf m
t
nf = frequency modulation index
Angle Modulation
Compared to AM, FM and PM result in a
signal whose bandwidth:
is also centered at fc
but has a magnitude that is much different
Angle modulation includes cos( (t)) which
produces a wide range of frequencies
Thus, FM and PM require greater
bandwidth than AM
Angle Modulation
Angle Modulation
Carson’s rule
Infinite bandwidth is required to transmit an
FM or PM signal
T 2
B 1B
n A
p m
for
PM
where Fn fA
m
for
FM
B 2 B
The formula for FM becomes
T
B 2F2B
Basic Encoding Techniques
Analog data to digital signal
Pulse code modulation (PCM)
Delta modulation (DM)
Analog Data to Digital Signal
Once analog data have been converted to
digital signals, the digital data:
can be transmitted using NRZ-L
can be encoded as a digital signal using a code
other than NRZ-L
can be converted to an analog signal, using
previously discussed techniques
Pulse Code Modulation
Based on the sampling theorem
Each analog sample is assigned a binary
code
Analog samples are referred to as pulse
amplitude modulation (PAM) samples
The digital signal consists of block of n bits,
where each n-bit number is the amplitude of
a PCM pulse
Pulse Code Modulation
Pulse Code Modulation
By quantizing the PAM pulse, original
signal is only approximated
Leads to quantizing noise
Signal-to-noise ratio for quantizing noise
SNR
20
dB
n
log
21.
76
dB
6
.
02
n
1
.
76
dB