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Wireless Transmission: Analog and Digital Data Analog and Digital Signals

This document discusses different techniques for encoding signals for wireless transmission, including: - Digital data can be encoded as either digital or analog signals, with digital signals allowing for less complex equipment but some transmission media only supporting analog signals. - Common encoding techniques include digital-to-analog, analog-to-analog, and analog-to-digital depending on the type of data and signal. - Key factors in comparing encoding schemes are the signal spectrum, clocking, noise immunity, cost/complexity, and data rate vs. bandwidth.

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Noel Keakeda
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
90 views55 pages

Wireless Transmission: Analog and Digital Data Analog and Digital Signals

This document discusses different techniques for encoding signals for wireless transmission, including: - Digital data can be encoded as either digital or analog signals, with digital signals allowing for less complex equipment but some transmission media only supporting analog signals. - Common encoding techniques include digital-to-analog, analog-to-analog, and analog-to-digital depending on the type of data and signal. - Key factors in comparing encoding schemes are the signal spectrum, clocking, noise immunity, cost/complexity, and data rate vs. bandwidth.

Uploaded by

Noel Keakeda
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 6: Signal Encoding

Techniques
 Wireless transmission
 Analog and digital data
 Analog and digital signals
Reasons for Choosing Encoding
Techniques
 Digital data, digital signal
 Equipment less complex and expensive than digital-to-
analog modulation equipment
 Analog data, digital signal
 Permits use of modern digital transmission and
switching equipment
Reasons for Choosing Encoding
Techniques
 Digital data, analog signal
 Some transmission media will only propagate analog
signals
 E.g., optical fiber and unguided media
 Analog data, analog signal
 Analog data in electrical form can be transmitted easily
and cheaply
 Done with voice transmission over voice-grade lines
Types of Encoding
 Digital-to-analog: Digital data and digital signals
must be converted to analog signals for wireless
transmission.
 Analog-to-analog: Typically, a baseband analog
signal, such as voice or video, must be modulated
onto a higher-frequency carrier for transmission.
 Analog-to-digital: Digitize voice signals prior to
transmission over guided/unguided to improve
quality and to take advantage of TDM schemes.
For wireless transmission, the resulting digital data
must be modulated onto an analog carrier.
Signal Encoding Criteria
 Key Terms:
Signal Encoding Criteria
 What determines how successful a receiver will be
in interpreting an incoming signal?
 Signal-to-noise ratio
 Data rate
 Bandwidth
 An increase in data rate increases bit error rate
 An increase in SNR decreases bit error rate
 An increase in bandwidth allows an increase in
data rate
Factors Used to Compare
Encoding Schemes
Encoding Scheme: mapping from data bits to
signal elements
Comparison of schemes:
 Signal spectrum
 With lack of high-frequency components, less
bandwidth required
 With no dc component, ac coupling via
transformer possible
 Transfer function of a channel is worse near band
edges
Factors Used to Compare
Encoding Schemes
Encoding Scheme: mapping from data bits to
signal elements
Comparison of schemes:
 Clocking
 Ease of determining beginning and end of each
bit position
 Signal interference and noise immunity
 Performance in the presence of noise
Factors Used to Compare
Encoding Schemes
Encoding Scheme: mapping from data bits to
signal elements
Comparison of schemes:
 Cost and complexity
 The higher the signal rate to achieve a given data
rate, the greater the cost
Basic Encoding Techniques
 Digital data to analog signal
 Amplitude-shift keying (ASK)
 Amplitude difference of carrier frequency
 Frequency-shift keying (FSK)
 Frequency difference near carrier frequency
 Phase-shift keying (PSK)
 Phase of carrier signal shifted
Basic Encoding Techniques
Amplitude-Shift Keying
 One binary digit represented by presence of
carrier, at constant amplitude
 Other binary digit represented by absence of
carrier

 Acos
st   
2fct binary1
 0 binary0

 where the carrier signal is


Acos(2πfct)
Amplitude-Shift Keying
 Susceptible to sudden gain changes
 Inefficient modulation technique
 On voice-grade lines, used up to 1200 bps
 Used to transmit digital data over optical
fiber
Binary Frequency-Shift Keying
(BFSK)
 Two binary digits represented by two
different frequencies near the carrier
frequency

 
 Acos
st   
2f1t binary1
 2f2t
 Acos
binary0

 where f1 and f2 are offset from carrier frequency fc


by equal but opposite amounts
Binary Frequency-Shift Keying
(BFSK)
 Spectrum example:
 Full duplex, one frequency for one direction
and another frequency for opposite direction
Binary Frequency-Shift Keying
(BFSK)
 Less susceptible to error than ASK
 On voice-grade lines, used up to 1200bps
 Used for high-frequency (3 to 30 MHz) radio
transmission
 Can be used at higher frequencies on LANs
that use coaxial cable
Multiple Frequency-Shift Keying
(MFSK)
 More than two frequencies are used
 More bandwidth efficient but more
susceptible to error

i
s t A 
cos
2fit 1 i  M
 f i = f c + (2i – 1 – M)f d
 f c = the carrier frequency
 f d = the difference frequency
 M = number of different signal elements = 2 L
 L = number of bits per signal element
Multiple Frequency-Shift Keying
(MFSK)
 To match data rate of input bit stream,
each output signal element is held for:
Ts=LT seconds
 where T is the bit period (data rate = 1/T)
 So, one signal element encodes L bits
Multiple Frequency-Shift Keying
(MFSK)
 Total bandwidth required
2Mfd
 Minimum frequency separation required
2fd=1/Ts
 Therefore, modulator requires a bandwidth
of
Wd=2L/LT=M/Ts
Multiple Frequency-Shift Keying
(MFSK)
Phase-Shift Keying (PSK)
 Two-level PSK (BPSK)
 Uses two phases to represent binary digits

 
 Acos
st   
2fct binary1

A 2fctbinary0
cos

 2fct binary1
 Acos

Acos
 2fct binary0
Phase-Shift Keying (PSK)
 Differential PSK (DPSK)
 Phase shift with reference to previous bit
 Binary 0 – signal burst of same phase as
previous signal burst
 Binary 1 – signal burst of opposite phase to

previous signal burst


Phase-Shift Keying (PSK)
 Four-level PSK (QPSK): also called
Quadrature PSK
 Each element represents more than one bit
 
fct 
 2
A cos 11
 4

 
2 3
fct 

s t   
A cos 01
 4

 3
fct 

2

A cos 00
 4
 A cos

2  
fct 
 10
 4
Phase-Shift Keying (PSK)
 Circuit:
Phase-Shift Keying (PSK)
 Notes:
 I(t) = in-phase time domain input
 Q(t) = quadrature time domain input
(multiples of 90O) shifted
Phase-Shift Keying (PSK)
 Notes:
 OQPSK: Offset Quadrature Phase-Shift
Keying
 With time delay offset at the quadrature time
domain input
Phase-Shift Keying (PSK)
 QPSK vs. OQPSK:
Phase-Shift Keying (PSK)
 Multilevel PSK
 Using multiple phase angles with each angle
having more than one amplitude, multiple
signals elements can be achieved

R R
D 
L log
2M

 D = modulation rate, baud


 R = data rate, bps
 M = number of different signal elements = 2L
 L = number of bits per signal element
Performance
 Bandwidth of modulated signal (BT)
 ASK, PSK BT=(1+r)R
 FSK BT=2DF+(1+r)R

 R = bit rate
 0 < r < 1; related to how signal is filtered
 DF = f2-fc=fc-f1
Performance
 Bandwidth of modulated signal (BT)

1 1
r r

 MPSK B
T R

 
R

L log
2M
MFSK 
1 rM

T
B 
log 
R

 2M 
 L = number of bits encoded per signal element
 M = number of different signal elements
Performance
Minimum Shift Keying (MSK)
 Found in mobile communication system
 Superior bandwidth efficiency to BFSK
with only a modest decrease in error
performance
 A form of BFSK
Quadrature Amplitude
Modulation
 QAM is a combination of ASK and PSK
 Two different signals sent simultaneously on
the same carrier frequency


s
t
d
1
tcos
2
ft
c
d
2
tsin
2f
ct  
Quadrature Amplitude
Modulation
Reasons for Analog Modulation
 Modulation of digital signals
 When only analog transmission facilities are
available, digital to analog conversion required
 Modulation of analog signals
 A higher frequency may be needed for effective
transmission
 Modulation permits frequency division
multiplexing
Basic Encoding Techniques
 Analog data to analog signal
 Amplitude modulation (AM)
 Angle modulation
 Frequency modulation (FM)
 Phase modulation (PM)
Amplitude Modulation
 Amplitude Modulation

s
t
1n
a
x
tcos
2f
ct 
 cos2fct = carrier
 x(t) = input signal
 na = modulation index
 Ratio of amplitude of input signal to carrier

 a.k.a double sideband transmitted carrier


(DSBTC)/double sideband suppressed carrier
(DSBSC)
Amplitude Modulation
 Time Domain Graph
Spectrum of AM signal
Amplitude Modulation
 Transmitted power
 n  2
P P 
c1  a
t
2 
 
 Pt = total transmitted power in s(t)
 Pc = transmitted power in carrier
Single Sideband (SSB)
 Variant of AM is single sideband (SSB)
 Sends only one sideband
 Eliminates other sideband and carrier
 Advantages
 Only half the bandwidth is required
 Less power is required
 Disadvantages
 Suppressed carrier can’t be used for
synchronization purposes
Angle Modulation
 Angle modulation

st
 A
c 
cos
2 f
c 
t
t

 Phase modulation
 Phase is proportional to modulating signal


t npm
t
 np = phase modulation index
Angle Modulation
 Frequency modulation
 Derivative of the phase is proportional to
modulating signal

'
t nf m
t
 nf = frequency modulation index
Angle Modulation
 Compared to AM, FM and PM result in a
signal whose bandwidth:
 is also centered at fc
 but has a magnitude that is much different
 Angle modulation includes cos( (t)) which
produces a wide range of frequencies
 Thus, FM and PM require greater
bandwidth than AM
Angle Modulation
Angle Modulation
 Carson’s rule
 Infinite bandwidth is required to transmit an
FM or PM signal
T 2
B 1B
 n A
 p m
for
PM
where Fn fA

m
 for
FM
B 2 B
 The formula for FM becomes
T
B 2F2B
Basic Encoding Techniques
 Analog data to digital signal
 Pulse code modulation (PCM)
 Delta modulation (DM)
Analog Data to Digital Signal
 Once analog data have been converted to
digital signals, the digital data:
 can be transmitted using NRZ-L
 can be encoded as a digital signal using a code
other than NRZ-L
 can be converted to an analog signal, using
previously discussed techniques
Pulse Code Modulation
 Based on the sampling theorem
 Each analog sample is assigned a binary
code
 Analog samples are referred to as pulse
amplitude modulation (PAM) samples
 The digital signal consists of block of n bits,
where each n-bit number is the amplitude of
a PCM pulse
Pulse Code Modulation
Pulse Code Modulation
 By quantizing the PAM pulse, original
signal is only approximated
 Leads to quantizing noise
 Signal-to-noise ratio for quantizing noise

SNR
20
dB 
n
log
21.
76
dB
6
.
02
n
1
.
76
dB

 Thus, each additional bit increases SNR by


6 dB, or a factor of 4
Delta Modulation
 Analog input is approximated by staircase
function
 Moves up or down by one quantization level
() at each sampling interval
 The bit stream approximates derivative of
analog signal (rather than amplitude)
 1 is generated if function goes up
 0 otherwise
Delta Modulation
Delta Modulation
 Two important parameters
 Size of step assigned to each binary digit ()
 Sampling rate
 Accuracy improved by increasing sampling
rate
 However, this increases the data rate
 Advantage of DM over PCM is the
simplicity of its implementation
Reasons for Growth of Digital
Techniques
 Growth in popularity of digital techniques
for sending analog data
 Repeaters are used instead of amplifiers
 No additive noise
 TDM is used instead of FDM
 No intermodulation noise
 Conversion to digital signaling allows use of
more efficient digital switching techniques

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