Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Surat (Gujarat)

SARDAR VALLABHBHAI NATIONAL INSTITUTE
OF TECHNOLOGY, SURAT (GUJARAT)
Session 2019-20
Loop software
Guided by:- Dr. G. D. Kale Prepared by:- J. VENKATESH
Assistant professor P18WR019
CED, SVNIT
CONTENTS
• Introduction to LOOP
• LOOP (Version 3.0)
• LOOP (Version 4.0)
• Basic data requirements
• Applications
INTRODUCTION TO LOOP
• Loop is a program that is developed by the world bank for simulation, design and
optimization of new, partially or fully existing gravity as well as pumped water
distribution systems.
• It allows for reservoirs (fixed head or variable head viz. pumps), valves (pressure reducing
or check valves) and on-line booster pumps.
• There are two types of equations that are encountered in the looped water distribution
systems:
1. Continuity - at each node the flow 'in' must be equal to the flow 'out'.
2. Energy - the net head loss around each loop must be zero, and the head loss between
two reservoirs must be equal 'to the difference in the water level between the reservoirs
LOOP (VERSION3.0)
• Loop version 3.0 written in IBM BASIC developed and distributed under the joint efforts of
UNDP/world bank.
• LOOP (Version 3.0) handles networks up to 500 pipes and 400 nodes.
• LOOP (Version 3.0) does only an analysis or simulation of specified water distribution
network. The user has to provide the pipe diameters and the program computes flows in pipes,
pressures at nodes and the pipe costs.
• LOOP (Version 3.0) uses only Hazen-William's formula as a hydraulic model.
• LOOP (Version 3.0) uses the Hardy-Cross method of analysis to balance the flows and
pressures in the distribution system. This method works well for relatively small networks but
it is not recommended for medium to large networks since it is computationally rather slow
and does not guarantee convergence.
LOOP (Version3.0)
• LOOP (Version 3.0) considers only fixed head reservoirs and not variable head reservoirs
such as pumps. Further, it did not have provision to allow elements such as pressure
reducing valves, check valves and on-line booster pumps.
• LOOP (Version 3.0) does not have any provision to specify minimum and maximum
pressures at nodes.
• LOOP (Version 3.0) does not have a provision to declare different materials of
commercial pipe diameters while analyzing the distribution network.
• LOOP (Version 3.0) does not have flexibility to specify input data in different units.
• LOOP (Version 3.0) does not have any provision to allow display of Hydraulic Grade
Lines (HGLs) on screen.
LOOP (VERSION4.0)
•LOOP is capable of designing networks up to 1000 pipes and 750 nodes. This is
expected to help in achieving a direct one step design of the water distribution networks
for even large size towns as against the present situation requiring fragmentation.
•LOOP automatically sizes the pipe diameters and thus relieves the user from the
burden of making a correct choice.
•LOOP uses the Newton- Raphson method of balancing which is computationally much
faster and has better convergence properties.
•LOOP considers fixed head reservoirs and variable head reservoirs such as pumps.
Further, it have provision to allow elements such as pressure reducing valves, check
valves and on-line booster pumps.
LOOP (VERSION4.0)
• In LOOP, the user has a flexibility to choose node specific values of maximum and
minimum pressures.
• LOOP has the provision to allow display of Hydraulic Grade Lines (HGLs) on screen and
provides the user an option to prepare longitudinal profile of HGL for specified number of
pipes both on screen as well as on a dot matrix printer.
• LOOP allows the user to specify pipes belonging to a maximum of three different pipe
materials and uses this information while analyzing and sizing the distribution system.
• LOOP are however allowed to specify pipe length, pipe diameter, flow, elevations,
velocity, pressure and head in two types of units (MKS or FPS) and in various
combinations i.e. for example, velocity could be in feet/sec and pipe diameter in mm.
BASIC DATA REQUIREMENTS
• Four types of data are required:-
1. Geometric data
• Node pipe-connectivity
• Length of all pipes
• Ground levels of all nodes
• Location of booster pumps and wells
2. Hydraulic data
• Average water demands at all the relevant nodes.
• Pipe resistance coefficient in terms of Hazen William's C or pipe roughness coefficient k in
Darcy -Weisbach expression
BASIC DATA REQUIREMENTS
3. Source data
• Elevation of all reservoirs
• Data on head-discharge curves for variable head reservoirs
4. Cost Estimation Parameters
• Available commercial diameters up to three material classes, with data on unit cost and
working pressure
• Newton-Raphson stopping criterion (viz. Maximum allowable error in flow balance)
• Maximum and minimum pressure at nodes
• Design hydraulic gradient
APPLICATIONS OF LOOP
• Given the network topology, supply and demands nodes and pipe characteristics, the
computer models can simulate flows in pipes, and pressures at nodes in looped water
distribution systems.
• Simulate alternative pipe size and layouts to determine which combination of pipes can
deliver adequate flow and pressure.
• Simulate flows and pressures with alternative locations and capacities of pumps and
reservoirs to identify most effective combinations.
• Conduct sensitivity analysis for future growth of demands and identify which of the
existing pipes need strengthening, cleaning or lining
REFERENCES
• LOOP Version4.0 reference manual

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SARDAR VALLABHBHAI NATIONAL INSTITUTE

OF TECHNOLOGY, SURAT (GUJARAT)

• LOOP Version4.0 reference manual

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