Data Communication

and
Computer Networks

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 Course Objectives:

 To introduce the fundamental various

types of computer networks.
 To demonstrate the TCP/IP and OSI
models with merits and demerits.
 To explore the various layers of OSI
Model.
 To introduce UDP and TCP Models.

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 Course Outcomes:
 Students should be understand and explore the
basics of Computer Networks and Various
Protocols. He/She will be in a position to
understand the World Wide Web concepts.

 Students will be in a position to administrate a

network and flow of information further he/she
can understand easily the concepts of network
security, Mobile and ad hoc networks.

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 Overview

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 Chapters

Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 Network Models

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 Chapter 1

Introduction

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 1.1 Data Communication

Components

Data Representation

Direction of Data Flow

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 1-1 DATA COMMUNICATIONS

The term telecommunication means communication at a

distance. The word data refers to information presented
in whatever form is agreed upon by the parties creating
and using the data. Data communications are the
exchange of data between two devices via some form of
transmission medium such as a wire cable.

Topics discussed in this section:

Characteristics of Data Communications
Components of a data communications system
Data Representation
 Data Flow
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 Characteristics of Data Communications

Four Fundamental Characteristics:

Delivery
- Deliver data to correct destination.
Accuracy
- Data that have been altered in transmission & left uncorrected
are unusable.
Timeliness
- Data delivered late are useless, ex real time transmission.
Jitter
- It is the uneven delay in the delivery of audio or video packets.
Ex. Delay in audio video frames will results in an uneven
quality in the video.

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 What is Data communication
 Communication model (e.g. Human communication)
 Source
 Generates data
 Transmitter
 Converts data into transmitting signals
 Transmission system
 Carries data
 Receiver
 Converts received signals into data
 Destination
 Takes incoming data

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 Communication model in networks

Source Transmitter Transmission Receiver Destination

system

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 Figure 1.1 Five components of data communication

Five Components of DC:

Message
Sender
Receiver
Transmission Medium
Protocol

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 Data Representation
 Text
 Represented in bits patterns e.g. 0,1
 Different Bit patterns called code.
 Present Coding system: Unicode, 32 bits
 Numbers
 Represented in bit patterns
 Converted into binary for calculations
 Images
 Represented into matrix of pixels/bits
 Audio/Video
 Continuous data
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 Flow of Data
 Simplex
 One way traffic only, one device transmits and one
receives e.g. Keyboard->monitor
 Half-duplex
 Both stations can transmit and receive but one at
time. e.g. Bus topology
 Only one path from source to destination.
 collisions may occur
 Full-duplex
 Both can receive and send at the same time. e.g. Star
topology.
 Two separate transmission lines.
 collisions free
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 Figure 1.2 Simplex

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 Figure 1.3 Half-duplex

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 Figure 1.4 Full-duplex

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 Figure 1.2 Data flow (simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex)

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 1-2 NETWORKS

A network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes)

connected by communication links. A node can be a
computer, printer, or any other device capable of sending
and/or receiving data generated by other nodes on the
network. A link can be a cable, air, optical fiber, or any
medium which can transport a signal carrying
information.
Topics discussed in this section:
 Network Criteria
 Physical Structures
 Categories of Networks
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 1.2 Networks

Distributed Processing

Network Criteria

Physical Structures

Categories of Networks
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 Distributed Processing

 Most Networks use Distributed Processing

 In this a task is devided among multiple computers. Instead of

one single large machine being responsible for all aspects of a
process.

 Separate computers handle a subset.

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 Network Criteria

• Performance
• Reliability
• Security

Performance:

-Performance is often evaluated by two networking metrics:

Throughput & Delay.

We often need more throughput and less delay.

However, these two criteria are often contradictory.

If we try to send more data to the network, we may increase throughput but we
increase the delay because of traffic congestion in the network.

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 • Reliability
-Network reliability is measured by the frequency of failure & the
time it takes a link to recover from a failure.
-The network's robustness in a catastrophe.

•Security
-Issuesinclude protecting data from unauthorized access
-Protecting data from damage and development
-Implementing policies and procedures for recovery from
breaches and data losses.

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 Network Criteria

 Performance
 Depends on Network Elements
 Measured in terms of Delay and Throughput
 Reliability
 Failure rate of network components
 Measured in terms of availability/robustness
 Security
 Data protection against corruption/loss of data due to:
 Errors
 Malicious users

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 Physical Structures

Type of Connection

-A network is two or more devices connected through links.

-A link is a communications pathway that transfers data from one

device to another.

-For visualization purposes, it is simplest to imagine any link as a

line drawn between two points.

There are two possible types of connections:

point-to-point and multipoint.

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 Physical Structures

 Type of Connection
 Point to Point - single transmitter and receiver
 Multipoint - multiple recipients of single transmission
 Physical Topology
 Connection of devices
 Type of transmission - unicast, mulitcast, broadcast

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 Point to point connections

 Not peer to peer

 Dedicated communication circuit
 Fixed configuration
 Direct link between devices
 B and C can be intermediate device to connect A and D
 Connection formed in different sections between users, end to end
connection in series and forms circuit.
 So point to point forms simple connection
 If number of users increased then hard to provide circuit that
connects each user with other users.
 So we need switching which could provide sharing of transmission
circuits.

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 Figure 1.5 Point-to-point connection

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 Figure 1.6 Multipoint connection

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 Figure 1.3 Types of connections: point-to-point and multipoint

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 Figure 1.7 Categories of topology

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 Physical Topologies
 Difference between Network topology and
physical topology.
 Network Topology: Defines structure of network
 Physical topology: Layout of the wire or media.
 But physical topology is a part of network
topology.
 Physical topology:
 1. BUS 2. Star 3. Ring 4. Mesh 5.Tree

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 BUS
 Uses single backbone cable, All hosts directly
connected to this backbone.
 Inexpensive and easy to install
 All nodes receives data
 Ends terminated with a device terminator.
 Two types of BUS
 Linear
 All nodes connected to common medium which has only two
end points.
 Distributed
 All nodes connected to common medium which has more
then two end points.
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 RING
 All nodes connected to one another in form of
closed loop.
 Expensive and difficult to install but offers high
bandwidth, not robust.
 Point to point connection with only two devices.
 Signal is passed in one direction only, moves
until it reaches to its destination.
 Each device connected with a repeater.
 One signal always circulates for fault detection.
If device don’t receives signal for specified time
it generates alarm.
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McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004
 STAR

 Connects all devices with central point.

 Central point can be hub.
 Data transmitted reaches to central point, who
decides where to send data.
 Bottleneck occur because all data pass from
hub.
 Less expensive and easy to install, robust if one
link is down still remains active.
 Disadvantage: dependency one central unit.
 Star is used in LANs
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 Types of STAR Topology
 Extended STAR
 Has one or more repeaters from central node to extend maximum
transmission distance.
 If repeaters in extended star topology is replace with hub or switches
then it creates Hybrid topology.
 Or if backbone as star topology and extended with bus then it also
creates Hybrid topology.
 Connecting two or more topologies with each other forms hybrid
topology.
 Distributed STAR
 Individual networks based on
star topology
 These networks do not have central
or top level connection points.

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 MESH
 Each host has its dedicated point to point link with every other host.
 Link only carries data between two devices only (no other can use
that link)
 If there are n number of nodes in network then we need n(n-1)
links.
 If link is multi directional or duplex mode then we need n(n-1)/2
links.
 Each device requires n-1 I/O ports to be connected to each device.
 Eliminates traffic problem, Robust, privacy/security of message.
 More cabling required, more I/O ports needed, hard to install,
expensive.

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 TREE
 Central node connected to one or
more nodes one level lower in
hierarchy.
 Combines characteristics of linear bus and star topology.
 Must have three levels of hierarchy.
 If only two levels then it forms star.
 If branching factor one then linear hierarchy.
 Physical hierarchy will be one less then total number of nodes in
network.
 Disadvantage: requires point to point wiring, requires more
hardware, dependent on backbone, difficult to configure.

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 Figure 1.8 Fully connected mesh topology (for five devices)

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 Figure 1.9 Star topology

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 Figure 1.10 Bus topology

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 Figure 1.11 Ring topology

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 Figure 1.12 Categories of networks

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 Categories of Networks

 Local Area Networks (LANs)

 Short distances
 Designed to provide local interconnectivity
 Wide Area Networks (WANs)
 Long distances
 Provide connectivity over large areas
 Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs)
 Provide connectivity over areas such as a city, a campus

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 Figure 1.13 LAN

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 Figure 1.13 LAN (Continued)

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 Figure 1.14 MAN

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 Figure 1.15 WAN

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 1.3 The Internet

A Brief History

The Internet Today

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 1-3 THE INTERNET

The Internet has revolutionized many aspects of our daily

lives. It has affected the way we do business as well as the
way we spend our leisure time. The Internet is a
communication system that has brought a wealth of
information to our fingertips and organized it for our use.

Topics discussed in this section:

Organization of the Internet
Internet Service Providers (ISPs)

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 Figure 1.16 Internet today

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 1.4 Protocols and Standards

Protocols

Standards

Standards Organizations

Internet Standards
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 1-4 PROTOCOLS

A protocol is synonymous with rule. It consists of a set of

rules that govern data communications. It determines
what is communicated, how it is communicated and when
it is communicated. The key elements of a protocol are
syntax, semantics and timing

Topics discussed in this section:

 Syntax
 Semantics
 Timing

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 Elements of a Protocol

 Syntax
 Structure or format of the data
 Indicates how to read the bits - field delineation
 Semantics
 Interprets the meaning of the bits
 Knows which fields define what action
 Timing
 When data should be sent and what
 Speed at which data should be sent or speed at which it is being
received.

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