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Distributed Computing2e Chapter 4

The document discusses remote procedure calls and remote method invocation. It covers the basics of RPC including elements of the RPC mechanism and implementation. It also discusses RMI and compares it with RPC. Various issues in RPC and RMI implementation are explained.

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Sangeeta Oswal
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216 views

Distributed Computing2e Chapter 4

The document discusses remote procedure calls and remote method invocation. It covers the basics of RPC including elements of the RPC mechanism and implementation. It also discusses RMI and compares it with RPC. Various issues in RPC and RMI implementation are explained.

Uploaded by

Sangeeta Oswal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Distributed Computing

Second Edition

Sunita Mahajan
Seema Shah

© Oxford University Press 2013. All rights reserved.


Chapter 4

Remote
Communication

© Oxford University Press 2013. All rights reserved.


OUTLINE
• Introduction to
remote
communication
• Remote procedural
call basics
• RPC implementation
• RPC communication
• Other RPC issues

© Oxford University Press 2013. All rights reserved.


Introduction
• Middleware

© Oxford University Press 2013. All rights reserved.


Remote Procedural Call Basics
Local Procedure Call

© Oxford University Press 2013. All rights reserved.


Remote Procedure Call
Basic RPC operation

© Oxford University Press 2013. All rights reserved.


RPC Operation

© Oxford University Press 2013. All rights reserved.


Elements of RPC Mechanism
Implementation
• Client

• Client stub

• RPC Runtime

• Server stub

• Server

© Oxford University Press 2013. All rights reserved.


RPC Execution

© Oxford University Press 2013. All rights reserved.


Stub Generation
• Manual generation

• Auto generation using Interface Definition Language (IDL)

© Oxford University Press 2013. All rights reserved.


RPC Compilation

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RPC Implementation
• RPC messages
– Call / Request
– Reply

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RPC Call/ Request Message

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RPC Reply Conditions

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RPC Reply Message

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Parameter Passing Semantics
• Call-by-value semantic
– Marshalling
• Call-by-reference semantic
• Call-by-copy/restore semantic

➢ Call-by-value copies all parameters into a message before


transmission .
➢ Call-by-reference passes pointers to the parameters that are
passed from the client to the server.
➢ Call-by-copy/restore uses temporary storage accessible to
both programs

© Oxford University Press 2013. All rights reserved.


Call-by-value Semantic

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Byte Ordering

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Server Management
• Server implementation
– Stateless server
– Stateful server

• Server management
– Instance per call
– Instance per session
– Persistent servers

© Oxford University Press 2013. All rights reserved.


RPC Communication
RPC call semantics

© Oxford University Press 2013. All rights reserved.


Orphan Calls
• Calls whose caller has expired due to a node crash

• Handle orphan calls by using


– Extermination

– Reincarnation

– Gentle reincarnation

– Expiration

© Oxford University Press 2013. All rights reserved.


RPC Communication Protocols
• Request protocol

• Request/Reply protocol

• Request/Reply/Acknowledge-Reply protocol

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Request Protocol

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Asynchronous RPC

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Request/Reply Protocol

© Oxford University Press 2013. All rights reserved.


Request/Reply/Acknowledge-
Reply Protocol

© Oxford University Press 2013. All rights reserved.


Client-server Binding Process

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Client-server Binding
• Issues • Types of binding
– Server naming – Fixed binding
– Server locating – Dynamic binding
• At compile time
• At link time
• Binding agent primitives • At run time
– Register
– Deregister
– Lookup
Other Issues in RPC Implementation
• Exception handing and security

• Failure handling

• Optimizing RPC execution

• Various types of complicated RPCs

© Oxford University Press 2013. All rights reserved.


RPC in Heterogeneous Environment
• Data presentation

• Transport protocol

• Control protocol

© Oxford University Press 2013. All rights reserved.


Failure Handling Mechanism in RPC
• Client cannot find the server

• Request from client to the server is lost

• Reply from server to the client is lost

• Server crashes after getting the request

• Client crashes after sending the request

© Oxford University Press 2013. All rights reserved.


RPC Optimization

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Concurrent Access to Multiple
Servers
• Use of threads

• Early reply technique

• Call buffering approach

• Serving multiple requests simultaneously

• Reducing call workload of server

• Using reply cache for idempotent RPC

© Oxford University Press 2013. All rights reserved.


Early Reply Technique

© Oxford University Press 2013. All rights reserved.


Call Buffer Approach

© Oxford University Press 2013. All rights reserved.


Complicated and Special RPCs
• Complicated RPCs
– RPCs with long duration calls or with gaps between calls

– RPCs with long messages

• Special RPCs
– Call back RPC

– Broadcast RPC

– Batch mode RPC


© Oxford University Press 2013. All rights reserved.
Callback RPC
• Client handle is provided to the server
• Client process should wait for callback RPC
• Handle callback deadlocks

© Oxford University Press 2013. All rights reserved.


Remote invocation Basics
Remote Object Invocation
• Distributed object concept
– Remote objects reference
– Remote interface

© Oxford University Press 2013. All rights reserved.


RMI

© Oxford University Press 2013. All rights reserved.


RMI vs LMI

© Oxford University Press 2013. All rights reserved.


RMI Implementation
Design issues in RMI
• RMI invocation semantics • RMI invocation semantics
– Maybe semantics
• Level of transparency
– Marshalling – At-least-once semantics

– Message passing – At-most-once semantics

– Task of locating and


contacting the remote
object for the client
Invocation Semantics

© Oxford University Press 2013. All rights reserved.


Level of Transparency

© Oxford University Press 2013. All rights reserved.


Components of RMI

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RMI Execution Components
• Communication module

• Remote reference module

• RMI software

• Server program

• Client program

• Binder

© Oxford University Press 2013. All rights reserved.


RMI Execution

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RMI Software
• Proxy

• Dispatcher

• Skeleton

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Types of Objects

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Remote Invocation Readiness

© Oxford University Press 2013. All rights reserved.


RMI Binding
• Implicit binding

• Explicit binding

© Oxford University Press 2013. All rights reserved.


Parameter Passing in RMI
• Pass by value

• Pass by reference

© Oxford University Press 2013. All rights reserved.

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