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    Correlation and Regression Analyses: Measurement of More Than One Variable On Each Experimental or Observational Unit

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    Teflon Slim
    This document discusses correlation and regression analyses, which measure the relationship between two or more variables. Correlation analysis looks at the association between variables, while regression analysis quantifies how changes in one variable are related to changes in another dependent variable. Key aspects covered include: - Covariance, which measures how variables vary together. - Calculating correlation coefficients to quantify the strength and direction of association between variables. - Using regression equations to predict the value of a dependent variable from the corresponding independent variable. - Distinguishing between correlation, which examines relationships between independent variables, and regression, where one variable depends on another.

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    Correlation and Regression Analyses: Measurement of More Than One Variable On Each Experimental or Observational Unit

    Uploaded by

    Teflon Slim
    30 views23 pages
    This document discusses correlation and regression analyses, which measure the relationship between two or more variables. Correlation analysis looks at the association between variables, while regression analysis quantifies how changes in one variable are related to changes in another dependent variable. Key aspects covered include: - Covariance, which measures how variables vary together. - Calculating correlation coefficients to quantify the strength and direction of association between variables. - Using regression equations to predict the value of a dependent variable from the corresponding independent variable. - Distinguishing between correlation, which examines relationships between independent variables, and regression, where one variable depends on another.

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    Correlation and Regression Analyse

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    Correlation and Regression Analyses_2019

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    This document discusses correlation and regression analyses, which measure the relationship between two or more variables. Correlation analysis looks at the association between variables, while regression analysis quantifies how changes in one variable are related to changes in another dependent variable. Key aspects covered include: - Covariance, which measures how variables vary together. - Calculating correlation coefficients to quantify the strength and direction of association between variables. - Using regression equations to predict the value of a dependent variable from the corresponding independent variable. - Distinguishing between correlation, which examines relationships between independent variables, and regression, where one variable depends on another.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    30 views23 pages

    Correlation and Regression Analyses: Measurement of More Than One Variable On Each Experimental or Observational Unit

    Uploaded by

    Teflon Slim
    This document discusses correlation and regression analyses, which measure the relationship between two or more variables. Correlation analysis looks at the association between variables, while regression analysis quantifies how changes in one variable are related to changes in another dependent variable. Key aspects covered include: - Covariance, which measures how variables vary together. - Calculating correlation coefficients to quantify the strength and direction of association between variables. - Using regression equations to predict the value of a dependent variable from the corresponding independent variable. - Distinguishing between correlation, which examines relationships between independent variables, and regression, where one variable depends on another.

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    Correlation and Regression Analyses

    Measurement of more than one variable on


    each experimental or observational unit.

    Examples:
    Age and weight of an animal

    Height and stem diameter of a tree

    Concentration of potassium in a pot of soil and


    the weight of plants growing in the pot.
    Univariate versus Bivariate analysis
    We may study the mean and variance of one
    or both variables individually (univariate),

    but we will also be interested in studying any


    relationship between them (bivariate)

    What about Multivariate?

    More than two variables


    Through a study of relationships we can
    quantify:
    a) the changes in one variable that are
    caused by changes in another one,

    b) predict the level of one variable from a


    measurement of another and

    c) quantify the degree of association


    between variables.
    The calculations involved in each
    are very similar but there are
    functional and conceptual
    differences between them
    Covariance

    A series of calculations that is common


    to both techniques involves the
    calculation of “covariance”

    Covariance is a measure of the way that


    two characteristics vary together.

    or joint variation.
    Example of covariance analysis
    Age (Days) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60

    Weight (kg) 32 38 40 57 62 64 78

    Age and weight of a calf from birth to 60 days


    Scatter plot or Scattergram
    A study was made to determine if changes in the
    concentration of inorganic phosphorous (P) in soil caused
    changes in the Phosphorous contained in plants.

    The following data are from 9 pots in a greenhouse experiment.


    Soil P (ppm) Plant P (ppm)
    1 64
    4 71
    5 54
    9 81
    11 76
    13 93
    23 77
    23 95
    28 109
    Regression is used to quantify the
    relationship between variables when one is
    dependent on the other.

    In our example, the weight of the calf


    depends upon its age, so we call weight the
    dependent variable and age the
    independent variable.
    We can fit a regression line to the diagram
    which represents the average trend.

    Based on calculations and the regression line,


    we can predict the value of Y for a given X,
    within the range of X values studied.
    Regression line
    • The regression equation given as
    Y = a + bX
    can be explained as follows:
    a is the intercept, where the regression
    line cuts the Y axis or the value of Y when
    X is zero.
    b is the slope of the line or the change in
    Y for a unit change in X
    or the
    regression coefficient
    CORRELATION ANALYSIS

    Correlations are used to measure the


    relationship between variables that are each
    normally distributed and no dependence of
    one variable on the other is known or
    assumed.

    Remember this contrasts with regression


    where one variable is dependent on the other.
    Correlation Coefficient

    The correlation coefficient (r) measures the


    degree of association between the two
    variables.

    r ranges in value from -1 through zero


    to +1and has no units of measurement.

    b values have units


    The correlation coefficient r can be
    calculated from the sums of squares and
    products or from the variances and
    covariance using the following formulae:

    r
     (X - X) (Y - Y) or r 
    Cov xy

     (X  X)  (Y  Y)
    2 2 2
    s s
    x
    2
    y
    Plant height (cm) Leaf length (cm)
    54 17
    44 18
    70 20
    61 19
    78 22
    33 14
    48 16
    80 21
    75 23
    52 20
    31 17
    71 21
    69 17
    55 16
    50 16
    Types of correlation

    Pearson’s Product-moment correlation

    Spearman’s rank correlation

    Correlation for dichotomous data


    Tests of significance in correlation analysis
    • A: Test that correlation coefficient
    equals zero

    • B: Comparing observed correlation with a


    reported value

    • C: Comparing two estimates of r (r1 and r2)

    • D: Determining common correlation


    coefficient

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