Chi Square Tests and F Distribution

Chi-Square Tests and the F-
Distribution
Larson/Farber 4th ed 1
Example:
• A radio station claims that the distribution of music
preferences for listeners in the broadcast region is as
shown below.
Distribution of music Preferences
Classical 4% Oldies 2%
Country 36% Pop 18%
Gospel 11% Rock 29%
Each outcome is The probability for
classified into each possible
categories. outcome is fixed.
Chi-Square Goodness-of-Fit Test

• Used to test whether a frequency distribution fits an
expected distribution.
• The null hypothesis states that the frequency
distribution fits the specified distribution.
• The alternative hypothesis states that the frequency
distribution does not fit the specified distribution.
Example:
• To test the radio station’s claim, the executive can
perform a chi-square goodness-of-fit test using the
following hypotheses.
H0: The distribution of music preferences in the
broadcast region is 4% classical, 36% country,
11% gospel, 2% oldies, 18% pop, and 29% rock.
(claim)
Ha: The distribution of music preferences differs from
the claimed or expected distribution.
• To calculate the test statistic for the chi-square

goodness-of-fit test, the observed frequencies and the
expected frequencies are used.
• The observed frequency O of a category is the
frequency for the category observed in the sample
data.
• The expected frequency E of a category is the

calculated frequency for the category.
 Expected frequencies are obtained assuming the
specified (or hypothesized) distribution. The
expected frequency for the ith category is
Ei = npi
where n is the number of trials (the sample size)
and pi is the assumed probability of the ith
category.
Example: Finding Observed and
Expected Frequencies
A marketing executive randomly
selects 500 radio music listeners Survey results
from the broadcast region and asks (n = 500)
each whether he or she prefers Classical 8
Country 210
classical, country, gospel, oldies,
Gospel 72
pop, or rock music. The results are
Oldies 10
shown at the right. Find the
Pop 75
observed frequencies and the Rock 125
expected frequencies for each type
of music.
Solution: Finding Observed and
Observed frequency: The number of radio music
listeners naming a particular type of music
Survey results observed frequency

(n = 500)
Classical 8
Country 210
Gospel 72
Oldies 10
Pop 75
Rock 125
Solution: Finding Observed and
Expected Frequency: Ei = npi
Type of % of Observed Expected

music listeners frequency frequency
Classical 4% 8 500(0.04) = 20
Country 36% 210 500(0.36) = 180
Gospel 11% 72 500(0.11) = 55
Oldies 2% 10 500(0.02) = 10
Pop 18% 75 500(0.18) = 90
Rock 29% 125 500(0.29) = 145
n = 500
For the chi-square goodness-of-fit test to be used, the

following must be true.
1. The observed frequencies must be obtained by using
a random sample.
2. Each expected frequency must be greater than or
equal to 5.
• If these conditions are satisfied, then the sampling

distribution for the goodness-of-fit test is approximated
by a chi-square distribution with k – 1 degrees of
freedom, where k is the number of categories.
• The test statistic for the chi-square goodness-of-fit test is
(O  E ) 2
2   The test is always
E a right-tailed test.
where O represents the observed frequency of each
category and E represents the expected frequency of each
category.
In Words In Symbols
1. Identify the claim. State the State H0 and Ha.
null and alternative
hypotheses.
2. Specify the level of Identify .
significance.
3. Identify the degrees of d.f. = k – 1
freedom.
4. Determine the critical Use Table 6 in
value. Appendix B.
In Words In Symbols
5. Determine the rejection region.
(O  E)2
6. Calculate the test statistic.  
2
E
7. Make a decision to reject or fail If χ2 is in the
to reject the null hypothesis. rejection region,
reject H0.
Otherwise, fail to
reject H0.
8. Interpret the decision in the
context of the original claim.
Example: Performing a Goodness of Fit
Test
Use the music preference data to perform a chi-square
goodness-of-fit test to test whether the distributions are
different. Use α = 0.01.
Distribution of Survey results
music preferences (n = 500)
Classical 4% Classical 8
Country 36% Country 210
Gospel 11% Gospel 72
Oldies 2% Oldies 10
Pop 18% Pop 75
Rock 29% Rock 125
Solution: Performing a Goodness of Fit
Test
• H0: music preference is 4% classical, 36% country,
11% gospel, 2% oldies, 18% pop, and 29% rock
• Ha: music preference differs from the claimed or
expected distribution
• α = 0.01 • Test Statistic:
• d.f. = 6 – 1 = 5
• Rejection Region • Decision:
0.01 • Conclusion:
χ2
0 15.086
Test
Type of Observed Expected
music frequency frequency
Classical 8 20
Country 210 180
Gospel 72 55
Oldies 10 10
Pop 75 90
( O  E ) 2
2   Rock 125 145
E
(8  20)2 (210  180) 2 (72  55) 2 (10  10) 2 (75  90) 2 (125  145) 2
     
20 180 55 10 90 145
 22.713
Test
• H0: music preference is 4% classical, 36% country,
11% gospel, 2% oldies, 18% pop, and 29% rock
• Ha: music preference differs from the claimed or
expected distribution
• d.f. = 6 – 1 = 5 χ2 = 22.713
• Rejection Region • Decision: Reject H0
There is enough evidence to
0.01 conclude that the distribution
of music preferences differs
χ2
0 15.086
22.713
from the claimed distribution.
Test
The manufacturer of M&M’s candies claims that the
number of different-colored candies in bags of dark
chocolate M&M’s is uniformly distributed. To test this
claim, you randomly select a bag that contains 500 dark
chocolate M&M’s. The results are shown in the table on
the next slide. Using α = 0.10, perform a chi-square
goodness-of-fit test to test the claimed or expected
distribution. What can you conclude? (Adapted from
Mars Incorporated)
Test
Color Frequency Solution:

Brown 80 • The claim is that the
Yellow 95 distribution is uniform, so
Red 88 the expected frequencies of
Blue 83 the colors are equal.
Orange 76 • To find each expected
Green 78 frequency, divide the sample
n = 500 size by the number of colors.
• E = 500/6 ≈ 83.3
Test
• H0: Distribution of different-colored candies in bags
of dark chocolate M&Ms is uniform
• Ha: Distribution of different-colored candies in bags
of dark chocolate M&Ms is not uniform
• d.f. = 6 – 1 = 5
• Rejection Region • Decision:
0.10 • Conclusion:
χ2
0 9.236
Test
Observed Expected
Color frequency frequency
Brown 80 83.3
Yellow 95 83.3
Red 88 83.3
Blue 83 83.3
(O  E ) 2 Orange 76 83.3
2   Green 78 83.3
E
(80  83.3)2 (95  83.3) 2 (88  83.3) 2 (83  83.3) 2 (76  83.3) 2 (78  83.3)2
     
83.3 83.3 83.3 83.3 83.3 83.3
 3.016
Test
• H0: Distribution of different-colored candies in bags
of dark chocolate M&Ms is uniform
• Ha: Distribution of different-colored candies in bags
of dark chocolate M&Ms is not uniform
• d.f. = 6 – 1 = 5 χ2 = 3.016
• Rejection Region • Decision: Fail to Reject H0
There is not enough evidence
0.10 to dispute the claim that the
distribution is uniform.
χ2
0 9.236
3.016
Section 10.2 Objectives
• Use a contingency table to find expected frequencies

• Use a chi-square distribution to test whether two
variables are independent
Contingency Tables
r  c contingency table
• Shows the observed frequencies for two variables.
• The observed frequencies are arranged in r rows and
c columns.
• The intersection of a row and a column is called a
cell.
Contingency Tables
Example:
• The contingency table shows the results of a random
sample of 550 company CEOs classified by age and
size of company.(Adapted from Grant Thornton LLP, The
Segal Company)
Age
Company 39 and 70 and
40 - 49 50 - 59 60 - 69
size under over
Small /
42 69 108 60 21
Midsize
Large 5 18 85 120 22
Finding the Expected Frequency
• Assuming the two variables are independent, you can

use the contingency table to find the expected
frequency for each cell.
• The expected frequency for a cell Er,c in a
contingency table is
(Sum of row r)  (Sum of column c)
Expected frequency Er,c 
Sample size
Example: Finding Expected Frequencies
Find the expected frequency for each cell in the
contingency table. Assume that the variables, age and
company size, are independent.
Age
40 - 49 50 - 59 60 - 69 Total
size under over
Small /
42 69 108 60 21 300
Midsize
Large 5 18 85 120 22 250
Total 47 87 193 180 43 550
marginal totals
Solution: Finding Expected Frequencies
(Sum of row r)  (Sum of column c)
Er,c 
Sample size
Age
40 - 49 50 - 59 60 - 69 Total
size under over
Small /
42 69 108 60 21 300
Midsize
Large 5 18 85 120 22 250
Total 47 87 193 180 43 550
300  47
E1,1   25.64
550
Age
39 and 70 and
40 - 49 50 - 59 60 - 69 Total
Company size under over
Small /
42 69 108 60 21 300
Midsize
Large 5 18 85 120 22 250
Total 47 87 193 180 43 550
300  87 300  193

E1,2   47.45 E1,3   105.27
550 550
300  180 300  43
E1,4   98.18 E1,5   23.45
550 550
Age
39 and 70 and
40 - 49 50 - 59 60 - 69 Total
Small /
42 69 108 60 21 300
Midsize
Large 5 18 85 120 22 250
Total 47 87 193 180 43 550
250  47 250  87 250  193

E2,1   21.36 E2,2   39.55 E2,3   87.73
550 550 550
250  180 250  43

E2,4   81.82 E2,5   19.55
550 550
Chi-Square Independence Test
Chi-square independence test

• Used to test the independence of two variables.
• Can determine whether the occurrence of one variable
affects the probability of the occurrence of the other
variable.
For the chi-square independence test to be used, the

following must be true.
1. The observed frequencies must be obtained by using
a random sample.
2. Each expected frequency must be greater than or
equal to 5.
• If these conditions are satisfied, then the sampling
distribution for the chi-square independence test is
approximated by a chi-square distribution with
(r – 1)(c – 1) degrees of freedom, where r and c are the
number of rows and columns, respectively, of a
contingency table.
• The test statistic for the chi-square independence test is
(O  E ) 2
The test is always a
2   right-tailed test.
E
where O represents the observed frequencies and E
represents the expected frequencies.
In Words In Symbols
hypotheses.
significance.
3. Identify the degrees of d.f. = (r – 1)(c – 1)
freedom.
4. Determine the critical value. Use Table 6 in
Appendix B.
In Words In Symbols
5. Determine the rejection
region.
(O  E)2
6. Calculate the test statistic.  
2
E
7. Make a decision to reject or If χ2 is in the
fail to reject the null rejection region,
hypothesis. reject H0.
Otherwise, fail to
reject H0.
8. Interpret the decision in the
Example: Performing a χ2 Independence
Test
Using the age/company size contingency table, can you
conclude that the CEOs ages are related to company
size? Use α = 0.01. Expected frequencies are shown in
parentheses.
Age
39 and 70 and
40 - 49 50 - 59 60 - 69 Total
Small / 42 69 108 60 21 300
Midsize (25.64) (47.45) (105.27) (98.18) (23.45)
5 18 85 120 22 250
Large
(21.36) (39.55) (87.73) (81.82) (19.55)
Total 47 87 193 180 43 550
Test
• H0: CEOs’ ages are independent of company size
• Ha: CEOs’ ages are dependent on company size
• α = 0.01
• d.f. = (2 – 1)(5 – 1) = 4 • Test Statistic:
• Rejection Region
• Decision:
0.01
χ2
0 13.277
Test
(O  E ) 2
2  
E
(42  25.64)2 (69  47.45)2 (108  105.27)2 (60  98.18)2 (21  23.45)2
    
25.64 47.45 105.27 98.18 23.45
(5  21.36)2 (18  39.55)2 (85  87.73)2 (120  81.82)2 (22  19.55)2
    
21.36 39.55 87.73 81.82 19.55
 77.9
Test
• H0: CEOs’ ages are independent of company size
• Ha: CEOs’ ages are dependent on company size
• α = 0.01
• d.f. = (2 – 1)(5 – 1) = 4 • Test Statistic:
• Rejection Region χ2 = 77.9
• Decision: Reject H0
0.01
There is enough evidence to
conclude CEOs’ ages are
χ2 dependent on company size.
0 13.277
77.9
Section 10.2 Summary
• Used a contingency table to find expected frequencies

• Used a chi-square distribution to test whether two
variables are independent
Section 10.3
Comparing Two Variances
F-Distribution
• Let s12 and s22 represent the sample variances of two

different populations.
• If both populations are normal and the population
variances σ 12 and σ 22 are equal, then the sampling
distribution of
s12
F 2
s2
is called an F-distribution.
Properties of the F-Distribution
1. The F-distribution is a family of curves each of

which is determined by two types of degrees of
freedom:
 The degrees of freedom corresponding to the
variance in the numerator, denoted d.f.N
 The degrees of freedom corresponding to the
variance in the denominator, denoted d.f.D
2. F-distributions are positively skewed.
3. The total area under each curve of an F-distribution
is equal to 1.
Critical Values for the F-Distribution
1. Specify the level of significance .

2. Determine the degrees of freedom for the numerator,
d.f.N.
3. Determine the degrees of freedom for the denominator,
d.f.D.
4. Use Table 7 in Appendix B to find the critical value. If
the hypothesis test is
a. one-tailed, use the  F-table.
b. two-tailed, use the ½ F-table.
Example: Finding Critical F-Values
Find the critical F-value for a right-tailed test when

α = 0.05, d.f.N = 6 and d.f.D = 29.
Solution:
The critical value is F0 = 2.43.

Example: Finding Critical F-Values
Find the critical F-value for a two-tailed test when

α = 0.05, d.f.N = 4 and d.f.D = 8.
Solution:
• When performing a two-tailed hypothesis test using
the F-distribution, you need only to find the right-
tailed critical value.
• You must remember to use the ½α table.
1 1
  (0.05)  0.025
2 2
Solution: Finding Critical F-Values
½α = 0.025, d.f.N = 4 and d.f.D = 8
The critical value is F0 = 5.05.
Two-Sample F-Test for Variances
To use the two-sample F-test for comparing two

population variances, the following must be true.
1. The samples must be randomly selected.
2. The samples must be independent.
3. Each population must have a normal distribution.
• Test Statistic
s12
F 2
s2
where s12 and s22 represent the sample variances with
s12  s22.
• The degrees of freedom for the numerator is
d.f.N = n1 – 1 where n1 is the size of the sample
having variance s12.
• The degrees of freedom for the denominator is
d.f.D = n2 – 1, and n2 is the size of the sample having
variance s22.
In Words In Symbols
hypotheses.
significance.
3. Identify the degrees of d.f.N = n1 – 1
freedom. d.f.D = n2 – 1
4. Determine the critical value. Use Table 7 in
Appendix B.
In Words In Symbols
region.
s12
6. Calculate the test statistic. F 2
s2
7. Make a decision to reject or If F is in the
8. Interpret the decision in the Otherwise, fail to
context of the original reject H0.
claim.
Example: Performing a Two-Sample F-
Test
A restaurant manager is designing a system that is
intended to decrease the variance of the time customers
wait before their meals are served. Under the old
system, a random sample of 10 customers had a
variance of 400. Under the new system, a random
sample of 21 customers had a variance of 256. At
α = 0.10, is there enough evidence to convince the
manager to switch to the new system? Assume both
populations are normally distributed.
Solution: Performing a Two-Sample F-
Test
Because 400 > 256, s12  400 and s22  256
• H0: σ12 ≤ σ22 • Test Statistic:
• Ha: σ12 > σ22 s12 400
F 2   1.56
• α = 0.10 s2 256
• d.f.N= 9 d.f.D= 20 • Decision: Fail to Reject H0
• Rejection Region: There is not enough evidence
to convince the manager to
switch to the new system.
0.10
0 1.561.96 F
Example: Performing a Two-Sample F-
Test
You want to purchase stock in a company and are
deciding between two different stocks. Because a
stock’s risk can be associated with the standard
deviation of its daily closing prices, you randomly select
samples of the daily closing prices for each stock to
obtain the results. At α = 0.05, can you conclude that
one of the two stocks is a riskier investment? Assume
the stock closing prices are normally distributed.
Stock A Stock B
n2 = 30 n1 = 31
s2 = 3.5 s1 = 5.7
Solution: Performing a Two-Sample F-
Test
Because 5.72 > 3.52, s12  5.72 and s22  3.52
• H0: σ12 = σ22 • Test Statistic:
• Ha: σ12 ≠ σ22 s12 5.72
F  2  2  2.65
• ½α = 0. 025 s2 3.5
• d.f.N= 30 d.f.D= 29 • Decision: Reject H0
• Rejection Region: There is enough evidence to
support the claim that one of
the two stocks is a riskier
0.025
investment.
0 2.092.65 F
• Interpreted the F-distribution and used an F-table to

find critical values
• Performed a two-sample F-test to compare two
variances
Section 10.4
Analysis of Variance
Section 10.4 Objectives
• Use one-way analysis of variance to test claims

involving three or more means
• Introduce two-way analysis of variance
One-Way ANOVA
One-way analysis of variance

• A hypothesis-testing technique that is used to
compare means from three or more populations.
• Analysis of variance is usually abbreviated ANOVA.
• Hypotheses:
 H0: μ1 = μ2 = μ3 =…= μk (all population means are
equal)
 Ha: At least one of the means is different from the
others.
One-Way ANOVA
In a one-way ANOVA test, the following must be true.

1. Each sample must be randomly selected from a
normal, or approximately normal, population.
2. The samples must be independent of each other.
3. Each population must have the same variance.
One-Way ANOVA
Variance between samples
Test statistic 
Variance within samples
1. The variance between samples MSB measures the
differences related to the treatment given to each
sample and is sometimes called the mean square
between.
2. The variance within samples MSW measures the
differences related to entries within the same sample.
This variance, sometimes called the mean square
within, is usually due to sampling error.
One-Way Analysis of Variance Test
• If the conditions for a one-way analysis of variance

are satisfied, then the sampling distribution for the
test is approximated by the F-distribution.
• The test statistic is
MS B
F
MSW
• The degrees of freedom for the F-test are
d.f.N = k – 1 and d.f.D = N – k
where k is the number of samples and N is the
sum of the sample sizes.
Test Statistic for a One-Way ANOVA
In Words In Symbols
1. Find the mean and  x 2 (x  x )2
x s 
variance of each sample. n n 1
2. Find the mean of all
x
entries in all samples (the x
N
grand mean).
3. Find the sum of squares SS B   ni(xi  x )2
between the samples.
4. Find the sum of squares SSW  (ni  1)si2
within the samples.
Test Statistic for a One-Way ANOVA
In Words In Symbols
5. Find the variance between the SS B SS B
MS B  
samples. k  1 d.f.N
6. Find the variance within the SSW SS

MSW   W
samples N  k d.f.D
MS B
7. Find the test statistic. F
MSW
Performing a One-Way ANOVA Test
In Words In Symbols
hypotheses.
significance.
3. Identify the degrees of d.f.N = k – 1
freedom. d.f.D = N – k
4. Determine the critical Use Table 7 in
value. Appendix B.
Performing a One-Way ANOVA Test
In Words In Symbols
region.
MS B
6. Calculate the test statistic. F
MSW
7. Make a decision to reject or If F is in the

Otherwise, fail to
8. Interpret the decision in the reject H0.
ANOVA Summary Table
• A table is a convenient way to summarize the results in
a one-way ANOVA test.
Sum of Degrees of Mean

Variation F
squares freedom squares
SS B MS B
Between SSB d.f.N MS B 
d . f .N MSW
SSW
Within SSW d.f.D MSW 
d. f .D
Example: Performing a One-Way ANOVA
A medical researcher wants to determine whether there
is a difference in the mean length of time it takes three
types of pain relievers to provide relief from headache
pain. Several headache sufferers are randomly selected
and given one of the three medications. Each headache
sufferer records the time (in minutes) it takes the
medication to begin working. The results are shown on
the next slide. At α = 0.01, can you conclude that the
mean times are different? Assume that each population
of relief times is normally distributed and that the
population variances are equal.
Example: Performing a One-Way ANOVA
Medication 1 Medication 2 Medication 3
12 16 14
15 14 17
17 21 20
12 15 15
19
56 85 66
x1   14 x2   17 x3   16.5
4 5 4
s12  6 s22  8.5 s32  7
Solution:
k = 3 (3 samples)
N = n1 + n2 + n3 = 4 + 5 + 4 = 13 (sum of sample sizes)
Solution: Performing a One-Way ANOVA
• H0: μ1 = μ2 = μ3 • Test Statistic:
• Ha: At least one mean
is different
• α = 0. 01 • Decision:
• d.f.N= 3 – 1 = 2
• d.f.D= 13 – 3 = 10
• Rejection Region:
0.01
0 7.56 F
To find the test statistic, the following must be calculated.
 x 56  85  66
x   15.92
N 13
SS B  ni(xi  x ) 2
MS B  
d.f.N k 1
4(14  15.92)2  5(17  15.92)2  4(16.5  15.92)2

3 1
21.92
  10.96
2
To find the test statistic, the following must be calculated.

SSW (ni  1)si2
MSW  
d.f.D N k
(4  1)(6)  (5  1)(8.5)  (4  1)(7)

13  3
73
  7.3
10
MS B 10.96
F   1.50
MSW 7.3
• H0: μ1 = μ2 = μ3 • Test Statistic:
• Ha: At least one mean MS B
F  1.50
is different MSW
• α = 0. 01 • Decision: Fail to Reject H0
• d.f.N= 3 – 1 = 2 There is not enough evidence
at the 1% level of significance
• d.f.D= 13 – 3 = 10
to conclude that there is a
• Rejection Region: difference in the mean length
of time it takes the three pain
0.01 relievers to provide relief
from headache pain.
0 7.56 F
1.50
Example: Using the TI-83/84 to Perform a
One-Way ANOVA
Three airline companies offer flights between Corydon
and Lincolnville. Several randomly selected flight times
(in minutes) between the towns for each airline are
shown on the next slide. Assume that the populations of
flight times are normally distributed, the samples are
independent, and the population variances are equal. At
α = 0.01, can you conclude that there is a difference in
the means of the flight times? Use a TI-83/84.
Example: Using the TI-83/84 to Perform a
One-Way ANOVA
Airline 1 Airline 2 Airline 3
122 119 120
135 133 158
126 143 155
131 149 126
125 114 147
116 124 164
120 126 134
108 131 151
142 140 131
113 136 141
Solution: Using the TI-83/84 to Perform a
One-Way ANOVA
• H0: μ1 = μ2 = μ3
• Ha: At least one mean is different
• Store data into lists L1, L2, and L3
• Decision: P-value < α Reject H0

There is enough evidence to support the claim. You can
conclude that there is a difference in the means of the flight
times.
Two-Way ANOVA
Two-way analysis of variance

• A hypothesis-testing technique that is used to test the
effect of two independent variables, or factors, on
one dependent variable.
Two-Way ANOVA
Example:
• Suppose a medical researcher wants to test the effect
of gender and type of medication on the mean length
of time it takes pain relievers to provide relief.
Gender
Male Female
medication
I Males taking type I Females taking type I

Type of
II Males taking type II Females taking type II

III Males taking type III Females taking type III
Two-Way ANOVA Hypotheses
Main effect
• The effect of one independent variable on the
dependent variable.
Interaction effect
• The effect of both independent variables on the
dependent variable.
Hypotheses for main effects:

• H0: Gender has no effect on the mean length of time it
takes a pain reliever to provide relief.
• Ha: Gender has an effect on the mean length of time it
takes a pain reliever to provide relief.
• H0: Type of medication has no effect on the mean length of

time it takes a pain reliever to provide relief.
• Ha: Type of medication has an effect on the mean length of
time it takes a pain reliever to provide relief.
Hypotheses for interaction effects:

• H0: There is no interaction effect between gender and type
of medication on the mean length of time it takes a
pain reliever to provide relief.
• Ha: There is an interaction effect between gender and type
of medication on the mean length of time it takes a
pain reliever to provide relief.
Two-Way ANOVA
• A two-way ANOVA test calculates an F-test statistic for

each hypothesis.
• It is possible to reject none, one, two, or all of the null
hypotheses.
• Can use a technology tool such as MINITAB to perform a
two-way ANOVA test.
• Used one-way analysis of variance to test claims

involving three or more means
• Introduced two-way analysis of variance

Chi Square Tests and F Distribution

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Chi Square Tests and F Distribution

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Chi-Square Tests and the F-

Chi-Square Goodness-of-Fit Test

• To calculate the test statistic for the chi-square

• The expected frequency E of a category is the

Survey results observed frequency

Type of % of Observed Expected

For the chi-square goodness-of-fit test to be used, the

• If these conditions are satisfied, then the sampling

Color Frequency Solution:

• Use a contingency table to find expected frequencies

• Assuming the two variables are independent, you can

300  87 300  193

250  47 250  87 250  193

250  180 250  43

Chi-square independence test

For the chi-square independence test to be used, the

• Used a contingency table to find expected frequencies

Comparing Two Variances

• Let s12 and s22 represent the sample variances of two

1. The F-distribution is a family of curves each of

1. Specify the level of significance .

Find the critical F-value for a right-tailed test when

The critical value is F0 = 2.43.

Find the critical F-value for a two-tailed test when

½α = 0.025, d.f.N = 4 and d.f.D = 8

The critical value is F0 = 5.05.

To use the two-sample F-test for comparing two

• Interpreted the F-distribution and used an F-table to

• Use one-way analysis of variance to test claims

One-way analysis of variance

In a one-way ANOVA test, the following must be true.

• If the conditions for a one-way analysis of variance

6. Find the variance within the SSW SS

7. Make a decision to reject or If F is in the

Sum of Degrees of Mean

To find the test statistic, the following must be calculated.

To find the test statistic, the following must be calculated.

• Decision: P-value < α Reject H0

Two-way analysis of variance

I Males taking type I Females taking type I

II Males taking type II Females taking type II

Hypotheses for main effects:

• H0: Type of medication has no effect on the mean length of

Hypotheses for interaction effects:

• A two-way ANOVA test calculates an F-test statistic for

• Used one-way analysis of variance to test claims

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