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Frequency Modulation

Frequency modulation (FM) involves modulating a carrier wave by varying its frequency in accordance with an audio frequency (AF) signal. [1] FM results in a carrier wave with a frequency that varies between a maximum higher frequency and a maximum lower frequency that is determined by the magnitude of the modulating AF signal. [2] The modulation index represents the ratio of maximum frequency deviation to the modulating frequency. [3] FM has advantages like inherent noise reduction but requires a wider transmission bandwidth than AM.

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42 views6 pages

Frequency Modulation

Frequency modulation (FM) involves modulating a carrier wave by varying its frequency in accordance with an audio frequency (AF) signal. [1] FM results in a carrier wave with a frequency that varies between a maximum higher frequency and a maximum lower frequency that is determined by the magnitude of the modulating AF signal. [2] The modulation index represents the ratio of maximum frequency deviation to the modulating frequency. [3] FM has advantages like inherent noise reduction but requires a wider transmission bandwidth than AM.

Uploaded by

Kashyap Patel
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© © All Rights Reserved
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FREQUENCY MODULATION

“The process of changing the frequency of a carrier


wave in accordance with the AF signal.”

The Chapter includes:


• Wave Forms
• Theory
• Modulation Index
• Bandwidth & Bessel
functions
• Merits & Demerits
Created by C. Mani, Principal, K V No.1, AFS, Jalahalli West, Bangalore
Wave Forms

(Courtesy: Internet)

Non-uniform AF signal
Uniform AF signal modulating
modulating the Carrier
the Carrier wave frequency
wave frequency
Theory:
e m= Em cos mt & ec = Ec cos (ct + )
The instantaneous frequency ‘’of modulated wave is:
 = c + kEm cos mt
(where k is proportionality constant which depends on the modulating system)
If cos mt = ± 1, then  = c ± kEm
or  = c ± 
(where  = kEm is maximum or peak deviation in carrier frequency)
Note that  depends on the magnitude of Em and not upon c.
Instantaneous value of FM voltage is: e = Ec cos 
 is given by the following steps:
d  =  dt  d  = 2  dt  d  = 2 (c + kEm cos mt ) dt
On integration, we get
 = ct + (/ m) sin mt
 e = Ec cos [ct + (/ m) sin mt] = Ec cos (ct + mf sin mt)
where mf = / m is modulation index for FM
Deviation: The amount by which the frequency of the carrier
wave is changed from its original unmodulated frequency.
The rate at which this change occurs is equal to modulating
frequency.

Modulation Index: M I for F M is the ratio of maximum


frequency deviation to the modulating frequency. mf = / m
Observations:
1. mf is measured in radians.
2. Eqn. for frquency modulated wave is sine of sine function
which gives a complex solution whereby the modulated
wave consists of a carrier frequency and infinite number of
pairs of side bands (Bessel functions).
3. In F M, the overall amplitude and hence the total
transmitted power remains constant.
Band Width & Bessel Functions

(Courtesy: Internet)
Merits:
1. FM is inherently and practically free from noise.
2. Noise can be further reduced by increasing .
3. FM receivers can further be improved with the help of limiters to
remove amplitude changes, if any.
4. All the transmitted power is useful in FM.
5. Many independent transmitters can be operated on same
frequency without interference.

Demerits:
1. About 10 times wider channel is required by FM as compared to
AM.
2. Area of reception for FM is much smaller than for AM.
3. FM receivers and transmitters are very complex and costly.

END

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