100% found this document useful (1 vote)
472 views71 pages

DC Generator

This document describes the parts and operation of a DC generator. It contains the following key points: 1. A DC generator converts mechanical energy to electrical energy through electromagnetic induction as a conductor cuts magnetic lines of flux. 2. The main parts of a DC generator are the stator, rotor/armature core, commutator, brushes, yoke, poles, and pole shoes. 3. There are two main types of DC generators - separately excited and self-excited. Separately excited generators have an external power source for the field coils, while self-excited use the generator's own output.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
100% found this document useful (1 vote)
472 views71 pages

DC Generator

This document describes the parts and operation of a DC generator. It contains the following key points: 1. A DC generator converts mechanical energy to electrical energy through electromagnetic induction as a conductor cuts magnetic lines of flux. 2. The main parts of a DC generator are the stator, rotor/armature core, commutator, brushes, yoke, poles, and pole shoes. 3. There are two main types of DC generators - separately excited and self-excited. Separately excited generators have an external power source for the field coils, while self-excited use the generator's own output.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 71

DC Generator

Prepared by:
Joel Villanueva & Bela Zarsuelo
A generator is a device that
converts mechanical energy to
electrical energy by magnetic
induction.

2
DC Generator
3
Faraday’s first law of
Electromagnetic Induction states
that whenever a conductor cuts
magnetic lines of flux, an emf is
developed in the conductor.

4
Electromagnetic Induction
5
Parts of a DC Generator
1. Stator 2. Rotor 3. Commutator 4. Brush 5. Yoke
6. Poles 7. Pole Shoe
Parts of a DC Generator
PARTS OF A DC GENERATOR

1. STATOR

✗ Stationary part of the generator


✗ Carries a field winding that is used to
produce the required magnetic field by DC
excitation.

8
Stator
9
PARTS OF A DC GENERATOR

2. ROTOR or ARMATURE CORE

✗ The rotating part of the generator


✗ It houses the armature conductors or coils
✗ It rotates through the magnetic field cutting
the lines of magnetic force.

10
Rotor or Armature Core
11
PARTS OF A DC GENERATOR

3. COMMUTATOR
✗ It is used to “collect” the output voltage
from the armature

12
Commutator
13
PARTS OF A DC GENERATOR

4. BRUSHES

✗ Sliding electrical contacts


✗ Provide a connection between the armature and the
external circuit

14
Brushes
15
Commutator and Brush
16
PARTS OF A DC GENERATOR

5. YOKE

✗ Outer frame or protective covering


✗ Provides mechanical strength
✗ Carries the magnetic flux produced by the
poles
✗ It is made up of cast iron or steel

17
Yoke
18
PARTS OF A DC GENERATOR

6. POLES

✗ Structures fitted onto the inner wall of the


yoke with screws
✗ Filed winding is wound on poles and
connected in series or parallel with
armature winding or sometimes separately

19
PARTS OF A DC GENERATOR

7. POLE SHOE

✗ An extended part of the pole


✗ Prevents field coils from slipping
✗ Spreads out the flux in air gap uniformly

20
Pole and Pole Shoe
21
Armature Winding
1. Lap Winding 2. Wave Winding

22
ARMATURE WINDING

1. LAP WINDING

✗ The winding forms a loop as it expands


around the armature core.

No. of parallel paths = No. of poles


= No. of brushes

23
24
LAP WINDING

1. Simplex Lap
Winding
The terminating
end of one coil is joined
to the commutator
segment and the
starting end of the next
coil is placed under the
25 same pole.
LAP WINDING

2. Duplex Lap
Winding
The terminating
end of one coil is joined
to the commutator
segment and the
starting end of the next
coil is placed under the
26 same pole.
LAP WINDING

1. Retrogressive
The armature
winding falls into a slot
to the left of its initial
point.

27
LAP WINDING

2. Progressive
The armature
winding falls into a slot
to the right of its initial
point.

28
𝒀𝒃 = 𝒀𝒇 ± 𝟐𝒎

Where:
𝒀𝒃 = back pitch, the number of elements that the coil
advances on the back of the armature core
𝒀𝒇 = the number of elements spanned on the commutator
end of the armature
𝒎 = multiplicity factor
+ = for progressive winding
− = for retrogressive winding

29
ARMATURE WINDING

Sample Problem:
The difference between the back pitch and the front pitch is
2. the front pitch is 21. if the winding is lap retrogressive, what
is the back pitch?

30
ARMATURE WINDING

2. WAVE WINDING

✗ The winding forms a wave as it expands


around the armature core.

No. of parallel paths = Always two


No. of brush positions = May be two or more

31
32
𝒁 ± 𝟐𝒎 𝒀𝒃 + 𝒀𝒇
𝒀= 𝒁=
𝑷 𝟐

where:
𝒀 = average pitch
𝒀𝒃 = back pitch
𝒀𝒇 = front pitch
𝒁 = total number of winding elements on the surface of the
armature core
𝑷 = number of poles

33
ARMATURE WINDING

Sample Problem:
In a lap winding the front pitch is 17 and the back is 19. What
is the average pitch?

34
ARMATURE WINDING

Minimum number of elements or conductors per


slot (if not specified):
TYPES OF WINDING ELEMENTS PER SLOT
Simplex 2
Duplex 4
Triplex 6
Quadruplex 8

35
Generated Emf Equation
of a DC Generator

36
𝑷𝑵𝒁𝜱
𝑬=
𝟔𝟎𝒂

where:
E = generated emf (volt)
P = poles
N = speed of armature core rotation (rpm)
Z = total no. of elements or conductors
𝚽 = flux per pole (weber)
a = number of armature current paths
GENERATED EMF EQUATION OF A DC GENERATOR

Sample Problem:
A DC machine has 4 pole, wave wound armature with 46 slots
and 16 conductors per slot. If the induced voltage in the
armature is 480V at 1200 rpm, determine the flux per pole.

38
𝐏𝐍𝐙𝚽
𝐄= 𝐱𝟏𝟎−𝟖
𝟔𝟎𝐚

where:
E = generated emf (volt)
P = poles
N = speed of armature core rotation (rpm)
Z = total no. of elements or conductors
𝚽 = flux per pole (maxwells or lines)
a = number of armature current paths
GENERATED EMF EQUATION OF A DC GENERATOR

Sample Problem:
A 4-pole DC generator with duplex lap winding has 48 slots
and four elements per slot. The flux per pole is 2.5x106
maxwells and it runs at 1500 rpm. What is the output voltage?

40
𝐄𝟏 𝐍𝟏 𝚽𝟏
𝐄 = 𝐤𝐍𝚽 =
E𝟐 N𝟐 Φ𝟐

where:
k = proportionality constant
subscript 1 = for condition 1
subscript 2 = for condition 2
GENERATED EMF EQUATION OF A DC GENERATOR

Sample Problem:
A dc generator is driven at speed of 1000 rpm and generates
120 volts. Determine the generated emf if the speed is
reduced to 900 rpm while the flux is increased by 25 percent.

42
Types of DC Generators
1. Separately-excited 2. Self-excited

43
TYPES OF DC GENERATORS

1. SEPARATELY-EXCITED GENERATOR

✗ The field magnets are energized from an


independent external or separate source
usually a battery.

44
Separately-excited Generator
45
SEPARATELY-EXCITED GENERATOR

E = VL + Ia R a where:
E = generated emf (volt)
Pg = EIa VL = load or terminal voltage (volt)
Pg = power generated in the
armature (watt)
PL R a = armature equivalent resistance
IL = (ohm)
VL Ia = armature current (ampere)
IL = load current (ampere)

46
SEPARATELY EXCITED GENERATOR

Sample Problem:
A DC generator has no-load output voltage of 120 volts. Its
armature circuit resistance is 0.95 ohm and its field coils are
separately energized. If the load is rated 2000 W at 115 V.
Neglecting the effect of armature reaction, what power could
be delivered to the load?

47
TYPES OF DC GENERATORS

2. SELF-EXCITED GENERATOR

✗ The field magnets are energized by the


current produced by the current produced
by the generator itself.
✗ Is categorized according to the manner in
which their field coils are connected to the
armature.
48
TYPES OF DC GENERATORS – SELF-EXCITED GENERATOR

a. SERIES-WOUND GENERATOR

✗ The field windings are connected in series


with the armature.

49
Series-wound Self-excited Generator
50
SERIES-WOUND SELF-EXCITED GENERATOR

PL where:
IL =
VL E = generated emf (volt)
VL = load or terminal voltage (volt)
Pg = power generated in the
Ia = IL armature (watt)
R a = armature equivalent resistance
E = VL + Ia R a + R se (ohm)
R se = series field resistance (ohm)
Ia = armature current (ampere)
Pg = EIa IL = load current (ampere)

51
SEPARATELY EXCITED GENERATOR

Sample Problem:
A dc series generator is supplying a current of 10 A to a load
through a feeder of total resistance, 1.5 ohm. The generated
voltage is 550 volts. The armature and series field resistances
are respectively 0.5 and 0.6 ohms respectively. Determine
the voltage

a. at the terminals of the generator


b. at the feeder

52
TYPES OF DC GENERATORS – SELF-EXCITED GENERATOR

b. SHUNT-WOUND GENERATOR

✗ The field winding and the armature are


connected in parallel.

53
Shunt-wound Self-excited Generator
54
SHUNT-WOUND SELF-EXCITED GENERATOR

VL PL where:
Ish = IL =
R sh VL E = generated emf (volt)
VL = load or terminal voltage (volt)
Pg = power generated in the
Ia = IL + Ish armature (watt)
R a = armature equivalent resistance
(ohm)
E = VL + Ia R a R sh = shunt field resistance (ohm)
Ia = armature current (ampere)
Pg = EIa Ish = shunt field current (ampere)
IL = load current (ampere)

55
SHUNT-WOUND SELF-EXCITED GENERATOR

Sample Problem:
A 200 V, 20 kW shunt generator has an equivalent armature
resistance of 0.05 ohm and a shunt field resistance of 200
ohms. Determine the power developed in the armature when
it delivers full load.

56
TYPES OF DC GENERATORS – SELF-EXCITED GENERATOR

b. COMPOUND-WOUND GENERATOR

✗ A DC generator which has both a series field


winding and a shunt field winding.

57
TYPES OF DC GENERATORS – SELF-EXCITED GENERATOR

i. SHORT SHUNT

✗ Only shunt field winding is in parallel with


the armature winding

58
SHORT SHUNT COMPOUND GENERATOR

Vsh PL where:
Ish = IL =
R sh VL E = generated emf (volt)
VL = load or terminal voltage (volt)
Pg = power generated in the
Ia = IL + Ish armature (watt)
R a = armature equivalent resistance
(ohm)
Vsh = VL + IL R se R sh = shunt field resistance (ohm)
R s𝑒 = series field resistance (ohm)
E = VL + Ia R a + IL R se Ia = armature current (ampere)
Ish = shunt field current (ampere)
Is𝑒 = series field current (ampere)
Pg = EIa IL = load current (ampere)
59
SHORT SHUNT COMPOUND GENERATOR

Sample Problem:
A compound dynamo supplies a load of 20 kW at 400 V
through a feeder having a resistance equal to 0.1 ohm. The
shunt and series field resistances are 85 ohms and 0.06 ohm
respectively. Determine the total electromotive force when
the generator is connected short shunt. Assume a brush
contact drop of 1 V per brush and an armature resistance of
0.1 ohm.

60
TYPES OF DC GENERATORS – SELF-EXCITED GENERATOR

ii. LONG SHUNT

✗ Shunt field winding is in parallel with both


series field and armature winding

61
Compound-wound Self-excited Generator – i. Short Shunt ii. Long Shunt
62
LONG SHUNT COMPOUND GENERATOR

VL PL where:
Ish = IL =
R sh VL E = generated emf (volt)
VL = load or terminal voltage (volt)
Pg = power generated in the
Ia = IL + Ish armature (watt)
R a = armature equivalent resistance
(ohm)
E = VL + Ia R a + R se R sh = shunt field resistance (ohm)
R s𝑒 = series field resistance (ohm)
Ia = armature current (ampere)
Pg = EIa Ish = shunt field current (ampere)
IL = load current (ampere)

63
LONG SHUNT COMPOUND GENERATOR

Sample Problem:
A 20 kW, 400 V long shunt compound generator has an
armature, shunt and series field resistances of 0.1 ohm, 80
ohms and 0.06 ohm respectively. Determine the generated
emf. Assume a brush contact drop of 1 V per brush.

64
Percent voltage regulation is the
percentage rise in the terminal
voltage of a generator, when its
load is removed.

65
𝐕𝐍𝐋 − 𝐕𝐅𝐋
%𝐕𝐑 = 𝐗𝟏𝟎𝟎%
VFL

where:
𝐕𝐍𝐋 = no-load terminal voltage
𝐕𝐅𝐋 = full-load terminal voltage

66
VOLTAGE REGULATION

Sample Problem:
The field current of 180 kW, 250 volts DC shunt generator is
6A when running full load at rated terminal voltage. If the
combined armature and brush resistance is 0.02 ohm, solve
the for the electrical efficiency of the generator.

67
Losses and Efficiency

68
The efficiency of the machine is the
ratio of its output power (power
drawn by load) to the input power
(power generated by the machine).

69
𝑷𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝑷𝑳
𝜼= =
𝑷𝒊𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝑷𝑳 + 𝑷𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒔

Where:
𝑷𝑳 = output power or power delivered to the load
𝑷𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒔 = power losses

70
EFFICIENCY

Sample Problem:
The field circuit of a 200 Kw, 230-V shunt generator is 8 A
when running full load at rated terminal voltage. If the
combined brush and armature resistance is 0.03 ohm, solve
foe the electrical efficiency

71

You might also like