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Linux

The kernel is the core of an operating system that manages resources and communication between hardware and software. It allocates time and memory, controls devices, and allows for multitasking and multi-user environments. The shell is a program that provides a command line interface for users to interact with the kernel by issuing commands. Common shells include bash, csh, and sh. Linux is a widely used open source operating system based on the Linux kernel that was developed in 1991.

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167 views27 pages

Linux

The kernel is the core of an operating system that manages resources and communication between hardware and software. It allocates time and memory, controls devices, and allows for multitasking and multi-user environments. The shell is a program that provides a command line interface for users to interact with the kernel by issuing commands. Common shells include bash, csh, and sh. Linux is a widely used open source operating system based on the Linux kernel that was developed in 1991.

Uploaded by

Indu Shekhar Sharma
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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 A program or a software that governs the

functioning of other programs


 Interface between User and the Hardware
 Allocates resources for tasks
 Allocates tasks to programs
 Manages space and time
 Controls the devices
 Core or nucleus of an operating system
 Interacts with the hardware
 First program to get loaded when the system
starts and runs till the session gets
terminated
 Different from BIOS which is hardware
dependent.
 Kernel is software dependent
 Program that interacts with kernel
 Bridge between kernel and the user
 Command interpreter
 User can type command and the command is
conveyed to the kernel and it will be executed
 Sh – simple shell

 BASH – Bourne Again Shell

 KSH – Korne Shell

 CSH – C Shell

 SSH – Secure Shell


 Multics – 1964

 Unics – 1969

 Minix – 1990

 Linux – 1991
 Developed in 1991 by Linus Torvalds
 Used in most of the computers, ranging
from super computers to embedded system
 Multi user
 Multi tasking
 Time sharing
 Monolithic kernel
User 1

User 2
 Redhat
 Fedora
 Debian
 Novell’s SUSE Linux
 Ubuntu
 Kali
 Boss
 Vi
 Emacs
 gEdit
 kWrite
 TextPad
 And more…
 mkdir - creating directory
◦ mkdir dirname
 rmdir – removing directory and its contents
◦ rmdir dirname
 cd – Change directory
◦ cd dirpath
 cp – Copying files
◦ cp file1 file2
 mv – Moving or renaming files
◦ mv oldfile newfile
 ln – Creating links between files
◦ ln file1 file2

◦ Difference between copying files and linking files


 cp src dst
 Contents of src will be present in dst
 Changing content in src will not affect contents of dst and
vice versa
 ln src dst
 Contents of src will be present in dst
 Changing content in src or dst will get reflected in the other
file
 Help about commands
◦ man, pinfo, info (man <<cmd name>>)
 Viewing file’s content
◦ cat <<filename>>
 Viewing users, processes
◦ who – List all Users
◦ who am I – List the current user
◦ pstree – displays all processes running in the system in tree
format
◦ ps – displays processes owned by the current user
 Changing file permission/owner
◦ chmod – changes file permission
◦ chown – changes file owner
 Listing files in a directory

◦ ls – Lists all files in a directory

◦ ls –a – Lists all files (including hidden files)

◦ ls –l – Lists files in a directory along with owner

information, permission etc


 Popular text editor
 Just type vi <<filename>> at the prompt and
hit the enter key.
 A new file will be opened
 Type the contents needed and save
 To save, press the Esc Key and then press :
(colon) w q and then enter
 To quit with out saving Esc + : + q and then
enter
 Navigation
◦ Left -h
◦ Down -j
◦ Up -k
◦ Right -l
◦ Top of the screen – H (shift + h) //caps lock will not work
◦ Middle of the screen – M (shift + m)
◦ Bottom of the screen – L (shift + l)
◦ $ - End Key, 0 – Home Key
 Edit Commands
◦ Cut – X, x
◦ Copy – yy, yw
◦ Paste – P, p
 grep – GNU Regular Expression Processor
 Finds the words / patterns matching with the
search and displays the line containing the
patterns.
 Search is limited to a file
 Redirection
◦ Input redirection
 wc < file1 – Content of file 1 is given as input for wc
command that counts the no of lines, words and
characters in a file
◦ Output redirection
 cat file > newfile – Copies file’s content to newfile. Over
writes the existing content
 cat file >> newfile – Appends the new content to the
existing content
 Pipes
◦ Output of first command is input for the second and so on
◦ who | wc –l – Number of lines in the output of who
command will be displayed
 Shell scripting is the most useful and
powerful feature in Linux
◦ Minimizes typing of repetitive command
◦ Can schedule jobs to run in the system
◦ Can initiate back up activities for system
administration
◦ Similar to batch files in DOS, but more powerful
than Batch files
 Open a file with extension .sh using vi editor
 We can type any number of commands that
we use to type at command prompt
 Save the file
 Execute the file
◦ sh file.sh
◦ ./file.sh (if the file has execution permission)
 To Print a line
◦ echo “Hello World” (Prints Hello World in the
screen)
 To Comment a line
◦ # This is a comment
◦ Only single line comment is available. For multi
line comment, we need to use # symbol in lines
which we want to comment.
 For loop
for i in 1 2 3 4 5 //Loops 5 times
do
Body of the loop
done

for (( i=0; i<5; i++ ))


do
Body of the loop
done
while [ condn ]
do
body of the loop
done

We need to ensure that the while loop


condition is terminated in a finite way
 We can have if, if else, if elif else and case statements (Nested if
statements are also possible

1. if [ condn ]
then
fi

2. if [ condn ]
then
else
fi

3. if [ condn ]
then
elif [ condn ]
then
else
fi
 For string comparison we have
- = : equal to
- ~= : not equal to

 For logical operators


-a : AND
-o : OR
 Alias – Alternate name for an entity
 Entity here refers to command

 We can give another name or alias name for


a command either at the command prompt
or in the .bashrc file.
 The former will be temporary and will
vanish if the session ends and the latter will
be permanent as long as the definition
exists in the .bashrc file
 alias newname=oldname
 Eg alias copy=cp
 Then we can use copy in the same way we
use cp command
 Eg copy file1 file2 //copies content of file1
to file2
 To remove alias use unalias command
 unalias copy
 After this we cannot use copy to perform
copying function

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