INTRODUCTION TO ARDUINO

PROGRAMMING
Jinasena Innovation & Technology Institute - Ekala

Content Courtesy

DEC 2014
 What is a Microcontroller ?
(µC, MCU)
• Computer on a single integrated chip
– Processor (CPU)
– Memory (RAM / ROM / Flash)
– I/O ports (USB, I2C, SPI, ADC)
• Companies that manufacture microcontrollers :
– Intel: 4004, 8008, etc.
– Atmel: AT and AVR
– Microchip: PIC
– Freescale: (multiple manufacturers)
• Used in:
– Cellphones,
– Toys
– Household appliances
– Cars
– Cameras

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 Shrinking a Microcontroller
Kinetis KL02
• 1.9 x 2.00 x 0.56 millimetres
• Good match for 'internet of things' devices

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 The ATmega328P Microcontroller
(used by Arduino UNO)

• AVR 8-bit RISC architecture

• Available in DIP package
• Up to 20 MHz clock
• 32kB flash memory
• 1 kB SRAM
• 23 programmable I/O channels
• Six 10-bit ADC inputs
• Three timers/counters
• Six PWM outputs

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 What is Arduino Not?

• It is not a chip (IC)

• It is not a board (PCB)
• It is not a company or a manufacturer
• It is not a programming language
• It is not a computer architecture

(although it involves all of these things...)

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 So what is Arduino?
It’s a movement, not a microcontroller:
• Founded by Massimo Banzi and David
Cuartielles in 2005
• Based on “Wiring Platform”, which dates to
2003
• Open-source hardware platform
• Open source development environment
– Easy-to learn language and libraries (based
on Wiring language)
– Integrated development environment (based
on Processing programming environment)
– Available for Windows / Mac / Linux

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 The Many Flavors of Arduino

• Arduino Uno
• Arduino Leonardo
• Arduino LilyPad
• Arduino Mega
• Arduino Nano
• Arduino Mini
• Arduino Mini Pro
• Arduino BT

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 Arduino Add-ons (Shields)

• TFT Touch Screen

• Data logger
• Motor/Servo shield
• Ethernet shield
• Audio wave shield
• Cellular/GSM shield
• WiFi shield
• Proto-shield
• ...many more

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 Getting to know the Arduino:
Electrical Inputs and Outputs
LED 14 digital inputs/outputs
 Input voltage: 7-12 V (6 PWM outputs)
(USB, DC plug, or Vin) Power
 Max output current per pin: 40 mA indicator

USB connection Reset

Button
16 MHz clock

Voltage regulator ATmega328P

AC/DC adapter
jack DC voltage
6 analog
supply
inputs
(IN/OUT) 9
 Download and Install

• Download Arduino compiler and development environment from:

http://arduino.cc/en/Main/Software
• Current version: 1.0.1
• Available for:
– Windows
– MacOX
– Linux
• No installer needed... just unzip to a convenient location
• Before running Arduino, plug in your board using USB cable
(external power is not necessary)
• When USB device is not recognized, navigate to and select the
appopriate driver from the installation directory
• Run Arduino

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Select your Board

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Select Serial Port

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 Elements of the Arduino IDE
• Text editor
– syntax and keyword
colouring
– automatic
indentation
– programming
shortcuts
• Compiler
• Hardware Interface
– Uploading programs
– Communicating with
Arduino via USB

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 Using the Arduino IDE
Name of sketch
Compile sketch

Upload to board
Serial Monitor

Program area
Save
Open
New

Messages /
Errors
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 Arduino Reference

Arduino Reference is installed locally

or available online at http://arduino.cc/

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 Arduino Sketch Structure

• void setup()
void setup() {
– Will be executed only // put your setup code here, to run once:
when the program
}
begins (or reset button
void loop() {
is pressed) // put your main code here, to run repeatedly:

• void loop() }

– Will be executed
repeatedly
Text that follows // is a comment
(ignored by compiler)

Useful IDE Shortcut: Press Ctrl‐/

to comment (or uncomment) a
selected portion of your program.

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 Activity 1: LED Blink

 Load the “Blink” example

(FileExamplesBasicsBlink)
Use pin 13 as digital output void setup() {
// initialize the digital pin as an output.
// Pin 13 has an LED connected on most Arduino boards:
pinMode(13, OUTPUT);
Set output high (+5V) }

void loop() {
digitalWrite(13, HIGH); // set the LED on
Wait 1000 milliseconds delay(1000); // wait for a second
digitalWrite(13, LOW); // set the LED off
delay(1000); // wait for a second
Set output low (0V) }

• Compile, then upload the program.

• Congratulations! You are now blinkers!
• Adding Comments in your code is good practice !!!
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 Now connect your own LED
Anatomy of an LED:

Notes:
• Resistor is needed to limit current
• Resistor and LED may be
interchanged
(but polarity of LED is important)
http://www.wikipedia.org/ • Pin 13 is special: has built-in
resistor and LED
• Change program and upload
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Example: Using a Solderless
Breadboard

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 Experimenting

• Change the blink rate

– how fast can the LED blink (before you can no
longer perceive the blinking?)

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 Activity 2: LED Bargraph

• Connect an LED bargraph to the arduino.

• Try to implement the
Knight Rider Light on it.

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 Activity 2: LED Bargraph
Experimenting
 How would you change the speed of the Knight Rider
Light?
 Is there another easy way to change it with minimal
change to the code?

Hint : Variables

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 Variables
 A variable is a way of naming and storing a value for later use by the
program, such as data from a sensor or an intermediate value used in a
calculation.
 It has a type, a name & a value.

 Variable Declaration

Variable Type Variable Name Variable Stored Value

 Int stands for integer  User determined  Int type can only
 stores a 16-bit (2-byte)  No spaces save integer values
value

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 Activity 2: LED Bargraph
Experimenting
 If your knight rider light is to modified so that a single LED travels twice
before changing direction, (Left – left – right - right), how would you
implement it?
 Is there any alternate method to achieve this easily?

Hint : Functions

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 Functions
 Segmenting code into functions allows a programmer to create modular
pieces of code that perform a defined task and then return to the area of
code from which the function was "called". The typical case for creating a
function is when one needs to perform the same action multiple times in a
program.
 Functions must be created outside of ‘Setup’ & ‘Loop’.
 The contents within the function is executed only if it is ‘called’ within setup
or loop.

Fun Fact : There are two required functions in any Arduino sketch, setup() and
loop().

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 Digital Input: Reading Switches and
Buttons
Writing HIGH to an input pin:
enables an internal pull-up resistor

void setup() {
pinMode(11, OUTPUT); // Use pin 11 for digital out
pinMode(12, INPUT); // Use pin 12 for digital input
digitalWrite(12, HIGH); // Enable pull‐up resistor
}

void loop() {
boolean state;
state = digitalRead(12); // read state of pin 12
digitalWrite(11, state); // set state of pin 11 (LED)
delay(100); // wait for a 1/10 second
}

• Turn on/off LED based on switch

• Pin 12 reads LOW when switch is closed
• Pin 12 reads HIGH when switch is open (pull-up)
Without the internal pull-up resistor,
unconnected digital inputs could read
either high or low
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 Digital Input: Reading Switches and
Buttons

 Change the line :

digitalWrite(11, state);
Into :
digitalWrite(11, !state);

 How has this changed the performance of the

system?

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 Activity 3: Switching

 Implement a sketch so that two LEDs are controlled with two

different push buttons.

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 Serial Communication - Writing
IMPORTANT: • Serial.begin(baud)
USB serial
communication is Initialize serial port for communication (and sets baud
shared with rate)
Arduino pins 0
and 1 (RX/TX) Example:
– Serial.begin(9600); // 9600 baud

Serial.print(val), Serial.print(val,fmt)
Format can be:•
BIN, HEX, OCT,
Prints data to the serial port
or an integer Examples:
specifying the – Serial.print(“Hi”); // print a string
number of digits
to display – Serial.print(78); // works with numbers, too
– Serial.print(variable); // works with variables
– Serial.print(5,BIN); // will print 1001110

• Serial.println(val)
Same as Serial.print(), but with line-feed
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 Serial Communication - Writing

 Serial Monitor

Use the Serial Monitor

to see the output
(Ctrl + Shift + M)

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 Activity 4: Loop Counter

 Implement a sketch to count and display

the number of loop counts that occurred.
A loop is executed every two seconds.
 Refer to the flow chart.

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 OPTIONAL
Activity 5: Switch Counter

 Implement a sketch to count the number of times a

switch is pressed.
 The current counter value is displayed every half a
second.

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 For Loops

 Try the following example

sketch :

 Can you describe the

performance of the LED?

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 For Loops

 The for statement is used to repeat a block of statements

enclosed in curly braces. An increment counter is usually used
to increment and terminate the loop. The for statement is
useful for any repetitive operations.

 Declare Variable & Initialize – initial value of the counter

 Test – Condition so that the next iteration is executed

 Increment or Decrement – Change to the counter value done at

t++ is a short form of• each iteration
t=t+1 which means
increment by 1
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 For Loops
Experimenting
 Make the following changes in the above sketch and do
monitor the changes.
 Add Serial.print() within the for loop and after it.
 Change the intial value into negative & positive numbers.
 Change the test condition.
 Change the increment / decrement value.

 Can you draw the flow chart to the sketch in the previous for
loop example?

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 Activity 6: For Loops

 Write a flowchart & sketch to incorporate 2 Blinking LEDs.

 A single LED should blink 5 times where after the 2nd LED
should blink another 5 times.
 After both LEDs have blinked 5 times each both LEDs should
be off for 1 second and then remain in the ON state
indefinitely.

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 Analog Input and Sensors
Reference Voltage (optional) • Six analog inputs:
 A0, A1, A2, A3, A4, A5
• AREF = Reference voltage
(default = +5 V)
• 10 bit resolution:
– returns an integer from 0 to
1023
– result is proportional to the
pin voltage
• All voltages are measured
relative to GND
Note: If you need additional
Analog Inputs digital I/O, the analog pins can be
re-assigned for digital use:
pinMode(A0, OUTPUT); 37
Potentiometers
(variable resistors, rheostats)

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 Volume Knob
• Connect the potentiometer from 5V to GND
• Use analogRead(A0) to measure the voltage on the center pin
• Set the LED blink rate depending on the reading

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 Reading Analog Values
 value = analogRead(pin)
 Reads the analog measurement on pin & returns integer
between 0 and 1023

Note: Do NOT use

pinMode(A0, INPUT) unless
you want to use A0 for DIGITAL
input.

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 Activity 7: Volume Knob

 Write a sketch to vary a LED blink rate using analog inputs.

 How would you write a flow chart to this sketch?

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OPTIONAL
Activity 8: Speed Varying Knight Rider

• Using the analog input and a LED bargraph & write a

sketch to control the speed of the knight rider circuit
according to the analog input.

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 Activity 7: Photo Resistor Module

 The photo resistor module gives a analog voltage according

to the light intensity it senses.
 Use your earlier program to interface this sensor module to
change the blinking rate of your LED.
 Use the Serial Monitor to check between what
values the Arduino receives.

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 if statements

 The if() statement is the most basic of all programming

control structures. It allows you to make something happen
or not depending on whether a given condition is true or not.
 Some methods of
implementing an if
statement are as follows :

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 if statements
 Let's try the
following example
using a analog input

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 if statements
 Let's try to draw a flow chart for this example

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 if statements

 Other comparison operators

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 Nested if statements : Water Tank
Example
 Imagine a water tank where different lights are to be
illuminated according to the water level in it.
 There are 3 sensors to
detect the water level
namely A, B & C

 How would you draw a

flow chart for it?

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 Nested if statements : Water Tank
Example
 Flow Chart for the previous problem.

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 Nested if statements : Water Tank
Example
 If statement code for the previous problem.

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 Activity 10 : IF Statements

 Using the analog input and a LED bargraph write a program

to on a single LED according to the value taken from the
analog input.

 HINT : Use your knowledge on if loops and functions

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 Analog Output?

• Most microcontrollers
have only digital outputs
• Pulse-width Modulation:
Analog variables can be
represented by the duty-
cycle (or pulse-width) of
a digital signal

http://arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/PWM
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 PulseWidth Modulation (PWM)
PWM available on pins 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11
• analogWrite(pin,val)
set the PWM fraction:
– val = 0: always off
– val = 255: always on
• Remember to designate pin
for digital output:
pinMode(pin,OUTPUT);
(usually in setup)
• Default PWM frequency:
– 16 MHz / 215 = 488.28125 Hz
Note: the PWM frequency and
resolution can be changed by
re-configuring the timers
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 PulseWidth Modulation (PWM)

 Try the following sketch

 Try changing the values

of the PWM and
observe the LED.

 How would you describe

the LED’s brightness?

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 Activity 11 : PWM LED Dimmer

• Use PWM to control the brightness of an LED

– connect LED to pin 3, 5, 6, 9, 10 or 11
– remember to use 220 Ω current-limiting resistor
• Set the brightness from the potentiometer.

Useful:
• newValue = map(oldValue, a, b, c, d)
Converts/maps a number in the range (a:b) to a new number in the range (c:d)
Example:
– newValue = map(oldValue,0,1023,0,255);

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 Servomotors

http://www.parallax.com/

• Standard servo:
– PWM duty cycle controls direction:
– 0% duty cycle  0 degrees
– 100% duty cycle  180 degrees
• Continuous-rotation servo:
– duty cycle sets speed and/or direction
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 Activity 12 : Servomotor Control

• Build a program that turns a servomotor from

0 to 180 degrees, based on potentiometer
reading
• Report setting to the serial monitor

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 Controlling Relays and Solenoids

• Electromechanically
-actuated switch
• Provides electrical
isolation
• Typically few ms
response time

Note: Arduino cannot supply

enough current to drive relay coil
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 Relay Driver Circuit

• NPN transistor: acts like a current-controlled switch

• MOSFET will also work
• Diode prevents back-EMF (associated with inductive
loads)
• Coil voltage supply and Arduino share common GND
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