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Programming Languages - Ananya

The document discusses programming languages at different levels of abstraction from machine language to high-level languages. It describes that machine language uses binary and is difficult for humans to understand. Assembly language uses symbolic representations that are closer to machine code. High-level languages resemble everyday language and allow programmers to solve problems without detailed hardware knowledge. Examples are given of different language types including functional, declarative, imperative and object-oriented languages. A brief history of programming languages is provided from early machine and assembly languages to modern high-level languages.

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Kamlesh Singh
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100 views

Programming Languages - Ananya

The document discusses programming languages at different levels of abstraction from machine language to high-level languages. It describes that machine language uses binary and is difficult for humans to understand. Assembly language uses symbolic representations that are closer to machine code. High-level languages resemble everyday language and allow programmers to solve problems without detailed hardware knowledge. Examples are given of different language types including functional, declarative, imperative and object-oriented languages. A brief history of programming languages is provided from early machine and assembly languages to modern high-level languages.

Uploaded by

Kamlesh Singh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Programming

Languages
What is “Programming”

 Writing source code and turning it into a sequence of machine


language instructions that the computer can execute.
“Generations” of Programming Languages
“Generations” of Programming Languages

 First Generation
 Machine language
 Second Generation
 Assembly language
 Third Generation
 “High-level” languages such as Pascal, C, COBOL, Fortran
 Fourth Generation
 Scripting languages such as SQL, Applescript, VBScript
 Fifth Generation?
 Natural language? Automatic code generation? Object-oriented
languages?
Four types of programming languages

 Functional
 Lisp, ML, Scheme
 Good for evaluating expressions.
 Declarative
 Prolog
 Good for making logical inferences.
 Imperative
 C, Pascal, Fortran, COBOL
 Good at performing calculations, implementing algorithms.
 Object-oriented
 C++, Java, C#, Visual Basic
 Much like imperative languages, but have support for “communication” among
objects.
History of Programming Languages
Computer Programming Languages:

 A programming language is an artificial language that can be


used to control the behavior of a machine, particularly a
computer

 Programming languages, like human languages, are defined


through the use of syntactic and semantic rules, to determine
structure and meaning respectively.
Computer Programming Languages (Contd…):

 Programming languages are used to facilitate communication


about the task of organizing and manipulating information, and
to express algorithms precisely.

 For 50 years, computer programmers have been writing code.


New technologies continue to emerge, develop, and mature at
a rapid pace. Now there are more than 2,500 documented
programming languages!
Machine language:
 It is the lowest-level programming language.
 Machine languages are the only languages understood by
computers.
Machine language:

 While easily understood by computers, machine languages are


almost impossible for humans to use because they consist
entirely of numbers.

For example, an x86/IA-32 processor can execute the


following binary instruction as expressed in machine language:

Binary: 10110000 01100001 (Hexadecimal: 0xb061)


Assembly Level Language:
 An assembly language is a low-level language for
programming computers.

 The word "low" does not imply that the language is inferior to
high-level programming languages but rather refers to the
small or nonexistent amount of abstraction between the
language and machine language, because of this, low-level
languages are sometimes described as being "close to the
hardware."

 It implements a symbolic representation of the numeric


machine codes and other constants needed to program a
particular CPU architecture.
Example (Adds 2 numbers):

name "add"
mov al, 5 ; bin=00000101b
mov bl, 10 ; hex=0ah or bin=00001010b
add bl, al ; 5 + 10 = 15 (decimal) or hex=0fh or
bin=00001111b
High-level language:

 High-level languages are relatively easy to learn because the


instructions bear a close resemblance to everyday language,
and because the programmer does not require a detailed
knowledge of the internal workings of the computer.

 Each instruction in a high-level language is equivalent to


several machine-code instructions, therefore it is more
compact than equivalent low-level programs.

 High-level languages are used to solve problems and are often


described as problem-oriented languages
High-level language (Contd…):
Examples of HLL:
 BASIC was designed to be easily learnt by first-time programmers;
 COBOL is used to write programs solving business problems;
 FORTRAN is used for programs solving scientific and mathematical
problems.
 With the increasing popularity of windows-based systems, the next
generation of programming languages was designed to facilitate the
development of GUI interfaces;
for example, Visual Basic wraps the BASIC language in a graphical
programming environment.
 Support for object-oriented programming has also become more
common, for example in C++ and Java.
Example (C program to add 2 numbers):
#include<stdio.h> //header files
Void main()
{
int a, b, c; // declaration of 3
variables
printf(“Enter two numbers:\n”);
Scanf(“%d”, &a); // read 1st number
Scanf(“%d”, &b); // read 2nd number
c=a+b; // compute the sum
printf(“Sum of 2 numbers is %d”, c); //print
sum
}
Visual C++ IDE
“Variables”
While loop control structure
For-loop control structure
If conditional control structure
Case conditional control structure
Thank You

Ananya Rajpal – Vth A

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