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PSA Unit 1

This document provides an overview of power system analysis. It discusses the need to monitor voltages, power flows, and design protection equipment through analysis. Key analyses covered include load flow analysis to determine voltages and power flows under various conditions, short circuit analysis to evaluate fault currents, and stability analysis to ensure the system remains synchronized during disturbances. The document also outlines the basic components of a power system including generators, transformers, transmission lines, and distribution lines. It provides examples of voltage levels and introduces the concept of per-unit systems for power system modeling and analysis.

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sravan
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104 views26 pages

PSA Unit 1

This document provides an overview of power system analysis. It discusses the need to monitor voltages, power flows, and design protection equipment through analysis. Key analyses covered include load flow analysis to determine voltages and power flows under various conditions, short circuit analysis to evaluate fault currents, and stability analysis to ensure the system remains synchronized during disturbances. The document also outlines the basic components of a power system including generators, transformers, transmission lines, and distribution lines. It provides examples of voltage levels and introduces the concept of per-unit systems for power system modeling and analysis.

Uploaded by

sravan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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POWER SYSTEM

ANALYSIS
INTRODUCTION
Unit I - INTRODUCTION

• General perspective & Overview of Power


System.
• Need for system planning and operational
studies
OVERVIEW OF POWER SYSTEM
• GENERATION
• TRANSMISSION &
• DISTRIBUTION
Components of power system
• Generator
• Transformer
• Transmission Lines
• Distribution Lines
• Loads &
• Compensating Devices (like Shunt, Series, Static VAR
Compensators)
Function of power system Analysis
• Need to monitor the voltages at various buses, real &
reactive power flow between buses.
• To design the circuit breakers

• To plan future expansion of the existing system.


• Analyze system fault under different conditions (3Φ fault,
L-G, L-L, L-L-G faults.)
• Study of small & large disturbances (sudden changes in

load)
Need of power system analysis in planning &operation
• System planning & operation covers the whole period
ranging from the incremental stage of system
development
.
• Required area , spacing , RLDC & NLDC for dispatching
power .

• Total demand = Sum of real power generation

• System must be reliable & uninterrupted .

• Required to maintain over all system (generation,


transmission & distribution) facilities
Block diagram of Planning & Operation of PS

No
undesirable
deviation

Monitoring,
Implementatio comparing plans
Planning
n of new plans with result

Corrective Undesirable
Actions deviation
Dealing of power system analysis

• Load (or) Power Flow Analysis

• Short Circuit Analysis

• Stability Analysis
LOAD (or) POWER FLOW ANALYSIS:

• System stability.

• To determine the voltage, current , active & reactive power


flows in the PS

• Operating conditions can be analyzed such as loss in


generation, transmission lines & transformer or load.

• Equipment overload & unaccepted voltage levels.

• To fix optimum size & location of the capacitors for improving


power factor.

• LFA, is used to evaluate the effect of various loading


conditions of a system.
Short Circuit Analysis:

• Multiple increase in current & forms abnormal system

• To find the magnitude of current flow in the system at


different interval of times, until it meets steady state.

• Types of fault (Unsymmetrical )

• Rescue the system from fault condition.

• To analyze SC, symmetrical components & sequence


network are used .
Stability Analysis:
• Type- Steady state & Transient stability.

• Stability depends on power flow pattern, generator


characteristics, system loading level & line parameters,
etc..

• Steady state Stability – PS remains Synchronism &


follows relatively slow load change.

• Transient stability – PS remains Synchronism under


large disturbance
Structure of power system
• Generator – Converts mechanical energy to electrical energy
[6.6KV, 10.5KV, 11KV, 13.8KV & 15.75KV]
• Transformer – Transfer energy for one circuit to another circuit without
changing the frequency (for increasing & decreasing the
Voltage level)
• Transmission Lines – Power transfer from one location to another
• Distribution Lines – Distributes power to commercial, domestic & small
consumers

 Primary Transmission Lines –11KV/110KV or 132KV or 220KV or

400KV or 765KV

 Secondary Transmission Lines – (step down value) 66KV or 33KV

or 22 KV or 11KV.

 Primary Distribution Line- 3Φ, 3 wire system, 33 KV or 66KV feeder

 Secondary Distribution Line- 400 V (for 3Φ) or 230 V (for 1Φ)


SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM :
• It gives diagrammatic & easy identification of power
system network.
• Components are represented in the form of symbols &
they are interconnected in a straight line.
Symbols of Single Line diagram
Per-unit system
• Voltages different level has to transformed to single voltage
level in Per-Unit (P.U) form.
• In PS, impedance, current, voltage & power are expressed
in P.U values.
• P.U systems are ideal for the computerized analysis &
simulation of complex PS problems.
• Generally, manufacturers are preferring equipment
impedance values in P.U rating.

P.U values of any quantity is defined as the ratio of


ACTUAL QUANTITY to its BASE QUANTITY
TRANSMISSION LINE MODELS

 Short Transmission line


 Medium Transmission line
 Long Transmission line

The types of Transmission lines differ from


the distance (km) & voltage level (KV).
SHORT TRANSMISSION LINE
• When the length of the transmission line is up to 80km and
the line voltage is less than 20kV.
• Due to smaller length and lower voltage, the capacitance
(C) effects are small and hence can be NEGLECTED.
• Only resistance (R) and inductance (L) are considered.
Z  R  jX  (r  jL)l

where, Z = series impedance


r = per-phase resistance
L = per-phase inductance
l = line length
In this case, the capacitive effect is negligible and only the
resistance and inductive reactance are considered.
SHORT TRANSMISSION LINE
Circuit diagram R
Is X

Ir
+
Vs Vr Load
-

Vs - sending end voltage Vr - receiving end voltage I - load current


R - Loop resistance () X - Loop inductance ()

VS= VR + Z IR (1)
IS = IR (2)
Generalized Circuit Constant of a TL

(3)

(4)

Vs A B VR
A=1 ; B=Z ; C=0 ; D=1
Is C D IR
MEDIUM TRANSMISSION LINE

 When the length of the line is about 80km to 250km


(50-150 miles) and the line voltage is moderately high
between 20kV to 100kV.

 Due to sufficient length and line voltage, capacitance


(C) is considered.
LONG TRANSMISSION LINE
• When the length of the line is more than 250km and line
voltage is very high which is more than100kV.

• The line constants (R,L,C,G) are uniformly distributed


over the whole length of the line.

• Resistance (R) and inductance (X) are serial elements


of transmission line.

• Capacitance (C) and conductance (G) are shunt


elements of transmission line. It caused the power losses
and corona effects.
LONG TRANSMISSION LINE CKT

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