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General OOPs Concepts

A programming language should serve two related purposes: (1) provide a way for programmers to specify actions to be executed and (2) provide concepts for programmers to think about what can be done. Low-level languages are machine-oriented and serve the first purpose of being close to the machine, while high-level languages serve the second purpose of being close to the problem by using English-like keywords. Languages like C and C++ serve both purposes and can be called mid-level languages.

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Thakur Ðevang Pratap Singh
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34 views23 pages

General OOPs Concepts

A programming language should serve two related purposes: (1) provide a way for programmers to specify actions to be executed and (2) provide concepts for programmers to think about what can be done. Low-level languages are machine-oriented and serve the first purpose of being close to the machine, while high-level languages serve the second purpose of being close to the problem by using English-like keywords. Languages like C and C++ serve both purposes and can be called mid-level languages.

Uploaded by

Thakur Ðevang Pratap Singh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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A PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE SHOULD SERVE

2 RELATED PURPOSES :

1. It should provide a vehicle for


programmer to specify actions to be
executed.
2. It should provide a set of concepts for the
programmer to use when thinking about
what can be done.
A PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE SHOULD SERVE
2 RELATED PURPOSES :

1. The first aspect ideally requires a


language that is “close to the machine”.
2. The second aspect ideally requires a
language that is “close to the problem to
be solved”
LOW LEVEL LANGUAGES

ARE MACHINE ORIENTED


Require Extensive Knowledge of
computer circuitry
Ex : Machine language & Assembly
language
Serve only 1st aspect “close to
machine”
LOW LEVEL LANGUAGES

 Machine Language :: instructions are written


in binary code in it . Only language that
computer can execute directly.

 Assembly Language :: instructions r written


using symbolic names for machine operation
{READ,ADD,STORE} & operands. Program
is then converted into machine language
using ASSEMBLER software.
HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGE
 OFFER English like keywords, constructs for
sequence, selection & looping and use of
variables & constants.
 Its programs r converted into machine language
using compiler or interpreter
 Serve only 2nd aspect “close to programmer”
Languages like C & C++ serve
both the aspects
and hence, can be called as
PROGRAMMING PARADIGMS
PARADIGM means organizing principle
of a program . It is an approach to the
programming.

Ex : Procedural programming


Object oriented programming
PROCEDURAL PROGRAMMING
 The focus is on processing
 It says :

DECIDE WHICH PROCEDURES YOU WANT


USE THE BEST ALGORITHMS YOU CAN FIND

 Languages support it by providing facilities


for passing arguments to functions &
returning values from functions
MODULAR PROGRAMMING
 A SET OF RELATED PROCEDURE WITH DATA
THEY MANIPULATE IS CALLED A MODULE.
 It says

DECIDE WHICH MODULES YOU WANT


PARTITION THE PROGRAM
SO THAT DATA IS HIDDEN IN MODULES

 Works on principle of grouping of


components that carry out specific tasks.
OBJECT ORIENTED
PROGRAMMING
OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING

 OBJECT is an identifiable entity with some


characteristics and behavior.

 In OOP programming object represents a


entity that can store data and has its
interface through functions.

 CLASS is a template/blue-print representing


a group of objects that share common
properties and relationships.
It says:
decide which classes and objects are needed
provide a full set of operations for each class
OBJECT 1 OBJECT 2

PROPERTIES
PROPERTIES

BEHAVIOUR
BEHAVIOUR

DATA & FUNCTIONS ENCLOSED WITHIN OBJECTS


NEW OBJECTS COMMUNICATE WITH EACH OTHER
PROCEDURAL PARADIGM

FUNCTION 1

DATA 1

FUNCTION 2

DATA 2
FUNCTION 3
GENERAL CONCEPTS OF OOP

1. DATA ABSTRACTION

2. DATA ENCAPSULATION

3.MODULARITY

4. INHERITANCE

5.POLYMORPHISM
DATA ABSTRACTION

ABSTRACTION refers to the act of


representing essential features without
including the background details or
explanations.
It focuses upon the observable behavior of
an object.
ENCAPSULATION

The wrapping up of data and operations /


functions (that operate on the data ) into a
single unit (called class) is known as
ENCAPSULATION.
DATA

MEMBER
FUNCTIONS

DATA
DATA
MEMBER
FUNCTIONS MEMBER
FUNCTIONS

THE OOP APPROACH


DATA ABSTRACTION & ENCAPSULATION
MODULARITY
It is the property of a system that has
been decomposed into a set of
cohesive and loosely coupled modules.
It reduces complexity of program
It Creates a number of well-defined,
documented boundaries within the
program.
Inheritance is the capability of one
class of things to inherit capabilities or
properties from other class.
POLYMORPHISM
 It is the ability for a message or data to be
processed in more than one form.
 It is a property by which the same message
can be sent to objects of several different
classes, & each object can respond in a
different way depending on its class.
ADVANTAGES OF OOPs
1. It models real world well.
2. Programs are easy to understand.
3. It offers class reusability. Already
created classes can be reused without
having to write them again.
4. It facilitates quick development as
parallel development of classes is
possible.
5. Programs are easier to test, manage
& maintain.
DIS-ADVANTAGES OF OOPs
1. Classes tend to be overly generalized.

2. The Relations Among Classes Becomes Artificial At


Times.

3. OOP Programs Design Is Tricky.

4. One needs to do proper planning & proper design


for OOP programming.

5. To program with OOPs, programmer needs proper


skills such as design skills, programming skills,
thinking in terns of objects etc.

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