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IE: Mechanics of Materials

This document provides an introduction to mechanics of materials, which deals with calculating stresses and strains in structural members under applied forces. It discusses various topics including static and dynamic mechanics, basic terminology like stress, strain, elasticity, plasticity, ductility, and malleability. It also covers specific types of stresses like normal stress from axial loading, shear stress, and bearing stress in connections.

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Asif Nawaz
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46 views13 pages

IE: Mechanics of Materials

This document provides an introduction to mechanics of materials, which deals with calculating stresses and strains in structural members under applied forces. It discusses various topics including static and dynamic mechanics, basic terminology like stress, strain, elasticity, plasticity, ductility, and malleability. It also covers specific types of stresses like normal stress from axial loading, shear stress, and bearing stress in connections.

Uploaded by

Asif Nawaz
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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IE 237: Mechanics of

Materials
INTRODUCTION

• Mechanics of materials, also called strength of materials, is a


subject which deals with the behavior of solid objects subject to
stresses and strains.
• The study of strength of materials often refers to various methods of
calculating the stresses and strains in structural members, such as
beams, columns, and shafts
Categories of Mechanics of
materials
• Static mechanics
Statics is the branch of mechanics that is concerned with the
analysis of loads (force and torque, or "moment") acting on physical
systems that do not experience an acceleration (a=0), but rather,
are in static equilibrium with their environment. When in static
equilibrium, the acceleration of the system is zero and the system is
either at rest, or its center of mass moves at constant velocity.

• Dynamic mechanics
Dynamics is the branch of applied mathematics (specifically
classical mechanics) concerned with the study of forces and
torques and their effect on motion, as opposed to kinematics, which
studies the motion of objects without reference to its causes.
Basic Terminologies
• Rigid body Mechanics
It is defined as a body on which the distance between two points
never changes whatever be the force applied on it. Practically, there
is no rigid body.

• Deformable body Mechanics


It is defined as a body on which the distance between two points
changes under action of some forces when applied on it.

• Stress
Resistance to the applied forces that tends to deform a body.
• Strain
Change in length per unit original length.

• Tensile stress
A force that attempts to pull apart or stretch a material.
Example is UTM machine

• Compressive stress
A force that attempts to squeeze or compress a material.
UTM example.
• Elasticity
The ability of a body to resist a distorting influence or deforming
force and to return to its original size and shape when that influence
or force is removed. Solid objects will deform when
adequate force are applied on them. If the material is elastic, the
object will return to its initial shape and size when these forces are
removed.
• Plasticity
Plasticity describes the deformation of a (solid) material undergoing
non-reversible changes of shape in response to applied forces.For
example, a solid piece of metal being bent or pounded into a new
shape displays plasticity as permanent changes occur within the
material itself
• Ductility
Ductility is a solid material's ability to deform under tensile stress.
For example Copper wires.
• Malleability
Material's ability to deform under compressive stress; this is often
characterized by the material's ability to form a thin sheet by
hammering or rolling.
• Brittle Material
A material is brittle if, when subjected to stress, it breaks without
insignificant deformation. Glass is a good example.
• Hardness
Resistance of a material to deformation, indentation, or penetration
by means such as abrasion, drilling, impact, scratching, and/or
wear, measured by hardness tests such as Brinell, Knoop,
Rockwell, or Vickers.

• Toughness
The ability of a material to absorb energy and plastically deform
without fracturing. One definition of material toughness is the
amount of energy per unit volume that a material can absorb before
rupturing.
Axial Loading: Normal Stress
• The resultant of the internal forces for an axially
loaded member is normal to a section cut
perpendicular to the member axis.

• The force intensity on that section is defined as


the normal stress.
F P
  lim  ave 
A0 A A

• The normal stress at a particular point may not be


equal to the average stress but the resultant of the
stress distribution must satisfy
P   ave A   dF    dA
A

• The detailed distribution of stress is statically


indeterminate, i.e., can not be found from statics
alone.
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Centric & Eccentric Loading
• A uniform distribution of stress in a section
infers that the line of action for the resultant of
the internal forces passes through the centroid
of the section.
• A uniform distribution of stress is only
possible if the concentrated loads on the end
sections of two-force members are applied at
the section centroids. This is referred to as
centric loading.

• If a two-force member is eccentrically loaded,


then the resultant of the stress distribution in a
section must yield an axial force and a
moment.

• The stress distributions in eccentrically loaded


members cannot be uniform or symmetric.
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Shearing Stress
• Forces P and P’ are applied transversely to the
member AB.
• Corresponding internal forces act in the plane
of section C and are called shearing forces.
• The resultant of the internal shear force
distribution is defined as the shear of the section
and is equal to the load P.
• The corresponding average shear stress is,
P
 ave 
A
• Shear stress distribution varies from zero at the
member surfaces to maximum values that may be
much larger than the average value.
• The shear stress distribution cannot be assumed to
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be uniform.
Shearing Stress Examples
Single Shear Double Shear

P F P F
 ave    ave  
A A A 2A
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Bearing Stress in Connections
• Bolts, rivets, and pins create
stresses on the points of contact
or bearing surfaces of the
members they connect.

• The resultant of the force


distribution on the surface is
equal and opposite to the force
exerted on the pin.

• Corresponding average force


intensity is called the bearing
stress,
P P
b  
A td

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