PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
 INQUIRY

-Seeking for truth, information or knowledge

-The act of asking question in order to gather

information
 RESEARCH
-Systematic investigation and study of materials and sources to establish
facts and reach new conclusions

Research is a careful, systematic and objective investigation conducted to obtain

valid facts, draw conclusions, and establish principles regarding an identifiable
problem in some field of knowledge.
 INQUIRY - RESEACRH
both seeking for information to have extensive
knowledge.

both investigation, process of collecting data,

and they aim augmenting knowledge, resolving
doubt, or solving a problem.
INQUIRY – a research

RESEARCH – an inquiry
 Significance of Research
• 1. To gather necessary information
• 2. To make changes
• 3. To improve the standard of living
• 4. For a safer life
• 5. To know the truth
• 6. To explore our history
• 7. To understand arts
 Characteristics of Research
• 1. Empirical - based on observation and experimentation of
theories
• 2. Systematic – follows orderly and sequential procedures
based on valid procedures and principles.
• 3. Controlled-all variables are kept constant, except those
that are tested/experimented.
• 4. Employs hypothesis
• 5. Analytical- there is critical analysis of all data used so
that there is no error in researcher’s interpretation
• 6. Objective - refers to the research as unbiased and logical.
All findings are logically based on empirical data and based
on real life situations.
• 7. Original Work
 Ethics and Research
• Ethics
– refer to its as norms for conduct that
distinguish between acceptable and
unacceptable behavior.
- As a method, procedure or perspective for
deciding how to act and for analyzing complex
problems and issues
 Functions of Ethics
• Norms promote the aims of research such as
knowledge, truth and evidence of error.
• Ethical standards promotes the values that are
essential to collaborative work such as trust
accountability, mutual respect and fairness.
• Ethical norms ensure that researchers can held
accountable to the public
• Ethical norms in research is research that helps
build public support quality and integrity of
research.
 Some Ethical Principles
• Honesty
• Objectivity
• Integrity
• Carefulness
• Openness
• Respect for Intellectual Property
• Confidentiality
• Responsible publication
• Respect for colleague
• Social Responsibility
• Non discrimination
• Competence
• Legality
 Ethical considerations in qualitative
research
1. With regards to the researcher’s relationship to the participants,
the researcher is expected to act professionally, maintaining
respect towards them. The issue of anonymity and confidentiality
re to be observed. In the field notes particularly, when conducting
a sensitive research, false name are used t keep track of what
information came from whom without revealing their identities.
2. The researcher is expected to give back to the
subjects/participants of the research and to show appreciation for
their commitment of time, effort and cooperation.
3. The researcher writes a letter and seeks to be allowed to conduct
a study. If changes happen in the course of the investigation,
he/she needs to get an approval for the continuance of the study.
Is the observance of ethics important in
research? Why?
 Quantitative Research vs. Qualitative
Research
Quantitative-is more often associated with hard data.
- Used to quantify-that is to put numerical equivalents to
findings.
- Used to quantify the problem by way of generating
mathematical data or data that can be transformed
into usable statistics.
- It quantifies altitudes, opinions, behaviors and other
defined variables and generalize results from a large
sample of populations.
- It discusses the quantitative relation between the
participant/s and the researcher.
Qualitative – It is used to give an understanding
of underlying reasons, opinions and
motivations.
- The sample size is typically small.
- Deals with designs, techniques, and measures
that do not produce discrete numerical data.
- It involves extensive narrative data in order to
gain insights into phenomena.
 Examples of Research Title of Actual
Studies
• Qualitative Research
• 1. Experiences of Reaction and Coping of Filipino Fathers
and Mothers: During and After a Natural Disaster
• 2. The Lived Experiences of Trauma and Post-traumatic
Growth of Women with History of Social Abuse
• 3. I Am Your Father: A Qualitative Study on the Perspective
of a Father with a Homosexual Son.
• 4. The Face of Cigarette Advertising: The Constitutionality
of the Tobacco Advertisement Ban
• 5. Impact of the Use of Social Networking on Non-
government Organization Effectiveness
• 6. A PWD’s Battle: A qualitative Study on the Reactions and
Experience of Persons with Disabilities.
• Quantitative Research
• 1. The Potential of Pseudonomas Aeruginosa in
Reducing Phosphate in Polluted Waters
• 2. Establishing Hydroponics Farming in Pasig City
• 3. The Socio-Psychological Effects of the Soap
Opera Rubi on Selected College Women in
Mendiola Consortium.
• 4. Establishing of Dog Mobile Grooming Service in
Village East and Vista Verde, Cainta Rizal.
• A Computer-Aided Seismic Hazard Risk
Assessment Tool to Promote Safety in School
Community
 What is Qualitative Research
Cresswell defines qualiative research as an inquiry
process of understanding a social or human problem
based on building a complex holistic picture formed
with words, reporting detailed views of informants and
conducted in a natural setting.
Locke, Spirduso, and Silverman emphasize that the intent
of qualitative research is to understand a particular
social situation, event, role, group or interaction.
Franenkel and Wallen stress that researchers are
interested in understanding how things occur.
 Kinds of Qualitative Research
Marshall and Rossman (1995) describe succinctly vrried qualitative research
methods:
1. Participant Observation – demands immersion in natural setting of
research participant/s. The researcher participants is able to hear, see
and experience reality as the research participants perform activities
and deal with one another during a period of time.
2. Observation – entails the systematic noting or recording of events,
behaviors and artifacts (objects)bin the social setting chose for study.
3. In depth Interviewing – resembles conversation, but with pre
determined response categories. Interviewers should have excellent
listening skills, and be equally skillful at personal interaction, question
framing and gentle probing for elaboration.
4. Focus Group Interviewing – involves 7-10, at times 6-8 people, who are
unfamiliar with one another and have been selected because they share
certain characteristics that are relevant to the research inquiry or
problem
5. Content Analysis – calls for systematic examination of
forms of communication to document patterns
objectively as shown in letters, emails, minutes of
meetings, policy statements and a lot more.
6. Narratology – can be applied to any spoken or written
story. Narrative inquiry requires a great deal of
sensitivity between participant and researcher. The
researcher must be an active listener and an adept
reader ( for written stories), attentive to recurring
patterns as well as the narrator’s feelings, views and
values as reflected in both oral and written stories.
7. Films, Videos and Photographs – these provides visual
records of events, especially the films and videos which
capture the perspective of the filmmaker or
videographer. Pictures, on the other hand, manifest the
intent, interest and values of the photographer.
Historical Research – is one involving analysis of events that occurred in the
remote or recent past.
- It can show patterns that occurred in the past and over time which can
help to see where we came from and what kind of solutions we have used
in the past.
- Understanding this can add perspective on how we examine current
events and educational practices.
Phenomenological Research – Its aim is to describe an experience as it is
actually lived by the person.
- It is concerned with the study of experience from the perspective of the
individual.
- It emphasize the importance of a personal perspective and
interpretation.
- This types of research is powerful for understanding subjective
experience, gaining insights into people’s motivation and action
- The researcher in this type of research attempts to understand one or
more individuals’ experiences of a phenomenon by one more individuals.
Ethnographic Research – refers to the investigation of a culture through an I
depth study of the members of the culture; it involves the systematic
collection, description and analysis of data for development of theories of
cultural behavior.
Characteristics and Uses of Qualitative
Research
1. The research takes place in a natural setting where human
behavior and events occur. This enable the researcher to be
immersed in the actual experience of the research participants
and to get as much detailed data as s/he needs.
2. The focus of qualitative research is on the participants’ perception
and experience and the way they make sense of their ives.
3. It uses various ways of collecting data: observations, structure or
semi structured interviews, documents, e-mails, blogs, videos,
stills, and a host of others.
4. The researcher is the primary instrument in data collection. S/he
views social phenomena holistically. The more complex,
interactive and encompassing the narrative, the better is the
qualitative study.
5. It is fundamentally interpretative.
 Strengths and Weaknesses of
Qualitative Research
Strengths
1. Qualitative research can offer the best light on or best
answers to certain phenomena-social, economic,
political or even psychological.
2. Research results are exhaustive; even underlying
meanings surface
3. It offers several avenues to understand phenomena,
behavior, human conditions and the like.
4. It can build on, or even develop theories through
consistent themes, categories, relationships,
interrelationships that are crystallized during the data
gathering and data analysis procedure
Weaknesses
1. Total immersion in the natural setting of the
research can be time-consuming and tedious
and resource-draining, as well.
2. There comes a point when the personal-self
and the researcher-self are inseparable, so,
subjectivity, on the part of the researcher,
can happen. To prevent this, Locke et. al
(1987) stress that from the beginning of the
study, the researcher must identify his/her
personal values, assumptions and biases.
 Importance of Qualitative Research
Across Different Fields
* Education
- how students react to the evaluation of their
academic performance.
- how teaching styles match the learning styles of
students
• Technical Communication
- The effective use of technology in workplace to ensure
smooth flow of communication
_ used to probe deeper research results in order to describe
or illustrate current practices in Technical Communication
which can take the forms of E-mails, fax messaging, video,
voice conferencing, intranet extranet jargons and graphics.
• Psychology
- understand why some students lack
motivation to go to school and why some
students resort to bullying and the like
• Social Work
- personal memory of traumatic events,
give meaning to what has happened to them.
- they are faced with questions regarding
their identity and relation with others and the
world.
• Marketing
- Glick and Belk did the first qualitative study in
1962 for the Coca-Cola Company on why people
drink soft drinks.
- AT & T on the meaning of telephone
 WRITING A RESEARCH TITLE
• ORIGINAL
• CLEAR
• CONCISE
• SPECIFIC
Broad and Specific Topics
Lack of Self-Confidence
Smoking
Marketable Popular Garment Brand
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
 *Lack of Self-Confidence in Adolescent:
Root Causes, Manifestation and Intervention

*Health Hazards of Direct and Indirect

Smoking: prevention and Cure

*Marketability of a Popular Brand: A Case

Study

*HIV: Causes, Prevention, Treatment and

Care
 Techniques for Narrowing a Topic
• Examine the literature
• Talk over ideas with others.
• Apply to a specific context
• Define the aim or desired outcome of the
study
 Examples of Research Questions
Lack of Self-Confidence in Adolescent: Root Causes,
Manifestation and Intervention
1. What are the root causes of lack of self-confidence in
adolescents?
2. What kind of behavior do adolescents who lack-self-confidence
manifest?
3. What can the following groups of people do to boost up the self-
confidence of adolescents?
a. parents
b. siblings
c. church
d. teacher
e. guidance and counselor
f. peers
 Statement of the Problem
This study aims to investigate the root causes of narcissism, as well
as its manifestation and possible forms of intervention.
Specifically, it seeks answers to the following questions:
1. What are the underlying causes or narcissism?
2. How has technology contributed to narcissistic behavior?
3. What are the manifestations of narcissistic behavior in
adolescent?
4. What forms of intervention can be done to address this
behavior in adolescents?
5. How can the following help in the developing healthy self-
esteem, positive outlook and attitudes in adolescent?
a. parents
b. curriculum planners
c. administrator
d. teachers
e. guidance counselors
f. peers