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RESEACH

This document defines and provides examples of different types of variables that may be studied. It explains that a variable is a characteristic or property that can take on different values and are what is measured in a study. The four main types of variables discussed are dependent variables (the assumed effect), independent variables (the assumed cause), antecedent variables (factors influencing the independent variable), and intervening variables (factors between the independent and dependent variables). Operational definitions are also explained as defining variables in terms of how they will be measured to make them observable. Examples are provided to illustrate how these variable types may be used in research study titles and definitions.

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Nicole Joy Joestar
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160 views16 pages

RESEACH

This document defines and provides examples of different types of variables that may be studied. It explains that a variable is a characteristic or property that can take on different values and are what is measured in a study. The four main types of variables discussed are dependent variables (the assumed effect), independent variables (the assumed cause), antecedent variables (factors influencing the independent variable), and intervening variables (factors between the independent and dependent variables). Operational definitions are also explained as defining variables in terms of how they will be measured to make them observable. Examples are provided to illustrate how these variable types may be used in research study titles and definitions.

Uploaded by

Nicole Joy Joestar
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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TYPES OF VARIABLES

What is a Variable?
 It is a concept that stands for variation
within a class of objects or persons.

 A variable is a characteristics or property that


can take different values or attributes.

 Variables are the basic elements which are


measured in a study. They are observable
and measurable.
Examples of Variables
 Age
 Sex
 Marital status
 Income
 Type of work
 Location of a business
Revenue
Types of Variables
1. Dependent Variable
2. Independent Variable
3. Antecendent Variable
4. Intervening Variable
Types of Variable
Dependent Variable
 The dependent variable is the assumed effect of
another variable.
 It is the change that occurs in the study
population when one or more factors are
changed or when an intervention is introduced.
Usually dependent variable is the problem itself.
Independent Variable
 It the assumed cause of the problem.
 It is assumed reason for any change or
variation in a dependent variable.
Example
Research Title:
"Self-Esteem and English speaking skills of the
Grade 11 students"
Independent variable
Self-Esteem
Dependent variable
English speaking skills
Antecedent Variable
 A factor or characteristics which is
found before (ante) the independent
variable.
 It is expected to influence the
independent variable
 It is usually irreversible
Example
Research Title:
"Extent of Exposure to Print Media and Reading Ability of
Grade 12 Students"
Antecedent Variable
 Sex, Residence, Parents Education
Independent Variable
 Extent of Exposure
Dependent Variable
 Reading Ability
Intervening Variable
A factor that works "between" the
independent and dependent variables.
It is called a "facilitating variable",
"moderator" or a "control variable".
Example
Research Title:
"Knowledge of the Dangers of Smoking, Attitudes
towards Life and Smoking Habitats of Grade 12
students"
Independent Variable
 Knowledge of the dangers of smoking
Intervening Variable
Attitudes towards life
Dependent Variable
Smoking habits
OPERATION AND DEFINITION OF
VARIABLES
 It gives a specific meaning to the variable.
 The definition clarifies how a variable or a
term is used and measured in the study.
 A variable must be defined in terms of
measurement that are observable by the
senses.
Example of Operational Definition
Research Title:
"Self-Esteem and English speaking skills of the
Grade 11 students"
English Speaking Skills -refer to an interactive
skill to construct meaning that involves
producing and receiving and processing
information using the English language.
Example of Operational Definition
Self-esteem - refers to a factor that triggers the
student's achievement in speking English. Self-
esteem is one of the personality variables that
contributes to the oral production achievement
because the students will achieve their success in
learning a foreign language if they feel confident
and believe in themselves (Brown, 1994 & 2000 in
Gustaman, 2016).
THANK YOU😘

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