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    Introduction Nuclear Power Plant

    Uploaded by

    Ammar Ahmed
    Nuclear power plants generate electricity through nuclear fission reactions in the reactor core. They have some advantages over fossil fuel plants like lower fuel costs, smaller land use, and ability to operate near load centers. However, they also have high capital costs, produce radioactive waste, and have safety concerns. Modern power engineers aim to balance energy production, costs, and environmental impacts.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Introduction Nuclear Power Plant

    Uploaded by

    Ammar Ahmed
    109 views20 pages
    Nuclear power plants generate electricity through nuclear fission reactions in the reactor core. They have some advantages over fossil fuel plants like lower fuel costs, smaller land use, and ability to operate near load centers. However, they also have high capital costs, produce radioactive waste, and have safety concerns. Modern power engineers aim to balance energy production, costs, and environmental impacts.

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    Nuclear power plant

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    Nuclear power plants generate electricity through nuclear fission reactions in the reactor core. They have some advantages over fossil fuel plants like lower fuel costs, smaller land use, and ability to operate near load centers. However, they also have high capital costs, produce radioactive waste, and have safety concerns. Modern power engineers aim to balance energy production, costs, and environmental impacts.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    109 views20 pages

    Introduction Nuclear Power Plant

    Uploaded by

    Ammar Ahmed
    Nuclear power plants generate electricity through nuclear fission reactions in the reactor core. They have some advantages over fossil fuel plants like lower fuel costs, smaller land use, and ability to operate near load centers. However, they also have high capital costs, produce radioactive waste, and have safety concerns. Modern power engineers aim to balance energy production, costs, and environmental impacts.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 20

    EE-411

    EE-411
     Nuclear Power Stations - Introduction, Nuclear Reaction, Main Parts of
    Nuclear Power Stations, Plant Layouts, Principle of Nuclear Energy,
    Nuclear reactor and reactor control, Types of Power Reactor,
    Comparison of various types of reactor, Economics of Nuclear Power
    Stations.
     Thepower engineers must be concerns with the three
    “Es” – Energy, Economy, and Ecology.

     Thus the modern power engineers must try to develop


    systems that produce large quantities of energy at low
    cost with minimal impact on environment.

     Thepower proper balancing of these three ‘Es” is a


    major technological challenge.
     Itis interesting to examine the consequence of a quantity that
    is constantly increasing, whether it is energy consumption,
    population, gross national product, or personal income, etc.

     Ifa quantity such as power P increases at the same fractional


    rate I each year then the rate of change of the quantity with
    time becomes
    dP
     iP
    dt
    When t=o, power= Po
     
    p t
    dP
      idt When t=t, power =P
    po P o

    P
    ln  it
    Po
    P
     eit
    Po
    P  Po eit (1)
     If td is the time required for the power to increase by a factor of
    2. This time td is called the “Doubling Time”.
     i.e. at t=td, P=2Po and we have

    2 Po  Po eitd

    ln 2  itd
    ln 2
    td 
    i
    0.693 Where i=growth rate
    td 
    i
    Example: The increase in electrical power consumption
    in the United States has been averaged about 7% per year.
    Hence,
    0.693
    td   9.9 10 years
    0.07

    Therefore, we can say that electrical energy consumption


    is doubled after energy 10 year (or one decade)
     The total energy consumed during a given period of time can be found
    by integrating equation (1), over the time interval. Let E1 be the total
    energy consumed between t=t1 and t=t2, then
    t  t2

     
    t2
    E1  Pdt  Po eit dt
    t  t1 t1
    Po  it2 it1 
    E1  e  e
    i  
    Po it1  i  t2  t1  
    E1  e e  1
    i  
     This equation gives the expression for the total energy consumed
    between the time interval t1 to t2.
     Using the 1970 value of U.S. energy consumption rate of
    70.8*1018 J / year and assuming a 4% growth rate per year.

    a) Find the doubling time and estimate the energy consumption


    rate in the year 2000.
    21
    b) If the U.S. coal reserves are of 70.8 *10 J , estimate how
    long the coal would last as the energy source, if it supplies
    all the fuel energy.
     Given that i=0.04 per year, , t=30 years
     Doubling time=td= Po  70.8*10 J / year
    18

    ln 2
    td 
    i
    0.693
    td   17.33 years
    0.04
     Power at year 2000= P  Po e it

    P  70.8 *1018 e0.04*30


    P  235.1*10 J / Year
    18
    18
     In this case i=0.04 per year, P0= 70.8*10 J / year
    t1=0, E1= 70 *10 J , t2=?
    21

    Po it1  i t2 t1  


    E1  e e  1
    i  
    70.8 *1018  0.04  t2  0 
    E1  *1  e  1
    0.04  
    70.8 *1018  0.04  t2  0 
    *1  e  1  70 *10 21 J
    0.04  
     t2=92.56 years
    Working Principle:
     A generating station in which nuclear energy is converted into
    electrical is known as a nuclear power station

    OR

     A nuclear power plant works in a similar way as a thermal


    power plant. The difference between the two is in the fuel they
    use to heat the water in the boiler(steam generator).
     Inside a nuclear power station, energy is released by nuclear
    fission in the core of the reactor.

     1 kg of Uranium U235 can produce as much energy as the


    burning of 4500 tones of high grade variety of coal or 2000
    tones of oil.
     The amount of fuel required is quite small. Therefore,
    there is a considerable saving cost of fuel transportation.

     A nuclearpower plant requires less space as compared to


    any other type of the same size.

     It
    has low running charges as a small amount of fuel is
    used for producing bulk electrical energy.
     Thistype of plant is very economical for producing
    bulk electrical power.

     It
    can be located near the load centers because it does
    not require large quantities of water and need not be
    near coal mine.

     Therefore, the cost of primary distribution is reduced.


     There are large deposits of nuclear fuel available all
    over the world.

     Therefore, such plants can ensure continued supply


    of electrical energy for thousands of years.

     It ensures reliability of operation


     The fuel used is expensive and is difficult to recover
     The capital cost on a nuclear plant is very high as
    compared to other types of plants
     The erection and commissioning of the plant requires
    greater technical know-how
     The fission by-products are generally radioactive and
    may cause a dangerous amount of radioactive pollution.
     Maintenancecharges are high due to lack of standardization.
    Moreover, high salaries of specially trained personnel
    employed to handle the plant further raise the cost.

     Nuclear power plants are not well suited for varying loads as
    the reactor does not respond to the fluctuations efficiently.

     The disposal of the by-product, which are radioactive, is a big


    problem. They have either to be disposed off in a deep trench
    or in a sea away from sea-shore.

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