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    Presented By:: Arti Kataria BPT (3 Year)

    Uploaded by

    Parit Sharma
    The document presents information about spinal cord anatomy and physiology. It discusses the spinal cord's structure, protection, internal organization, enlargements, blood supply, and spinal nerves. It also describes reflexes and the reflex arc. Key points include that the spinal cord extends from the foramen magnum to the lumbar vertebrae and has gray matter containing neurons and white matter containing tracts. Reflexes are protective responses controlled by the spinal cord or brainstem that involve a reflex arc with receptors, afferent nerves, spinal interneurons, efferent nerves, and effectors. Examples of monosynaptic and polysynaptic reflexes are provided.

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    Presented By:: Arti Kataria BPT (3 Year)

    Uploaded by

    Parit Sharma
    102 views19 pages
    The document presents information about spinal cord anatomy and physiology. It discusses the spinal cord's structure, protection, internal organization, enlargements, blood supply, and spinal nerves. It also describes reflexes and the reflex arc. Key points include that the spinal cord extends from the foramen magnum to the lumbar vertebrae and has gray matter containing neurons and white matter containing tracts. Reflexes are protective responses controlled by the spinal cord or brainstem that involve a reflex arc with receptors, afferent nerves, spinal interneurons, efferent nerves, and effectors. Examples of monosynaptic and polysynaptic reflexes are provided.

    Original Description:

    Spinal Cord Presentation for BPT Students

    Original Title

    Spinal Cord

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    The document presents information about spinal cord anatomy and physiology. It discusses the spinal cord's structure, protection, internal organization, enlargements, blood supply, and spinal nerves. It also describes reflexes and the reflex arc. Key points include that the spinal cord extends from the foramen magnum to the lumbar vertebrae and has gray matter containing neurons and white matter containing tracts. Reflexes are protective responses controlled by the spinal cord or brainstem that involve a reflex arc with receptors, afferent nerves, spinal interneurons, efferent nerves, and effectors. Examples of monosynaptic and polysynaptic reflexes are provided.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    102 views19 pages

    Presented By:: Arti Kataria BPT (3 Year)

    Uploaded by

    Parit Sharma
    The document presents information about spinal cord anatomy and physiology. It discusses the spinal cord's structure, protection, internal organization, enlargements, blood supply, and spinal nerves. It also describes reflexes and the reflex arc. Key points include that the spinal cord extends from the foramen magnum to the lumbar vertebrae and has gray matter containing neurons and white matter containing tracts. Reflexes are protective responses controlled by the spinal cord or brainstem that involve a reflex arc with receptors, afferent nerves, spinal interneurons, efferent nerves, and effectors. Examples of monosynaptic and polysynaptic reflexes are provided.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 19

    PRESENTED BY:

    ARTI KATARIA
    BPT (3rd Year)

    ARTI KATARIA (BPT 3rd YEAR) 1


    A. Spinal Cord Anatomy
    1. Introduction
    2. Features
    3. Protection and Coverings
    a) Vertebral Column
    b) Meninges
    4. External features of Spinal Cord
    5. Internal Structure of Spinal Cord
    6. Enlargements
    7. Blood Supply of Spinal Cord

    B. Spinal Nerves

    C. Spinal Cord Physiology


    1. Reflexes
    2. Reflex Arc
    a) Physiology of Stretch Reflex
    b) Physiology of the Flexor (withdrawal) reflex and Crossed Extensor reflex
    ARTI KATARIA (BPT 3rd YEAR) 2
    • The spinal cord is a long,
    thin, tubular structure
    made up of nervous tissue.

    • It is a continuation of brain
    (medulla oblongata)

    • Comes out from brain


    through an aperture called
    foramen magnum

    ARTI KATARIA (BPT 3rd YEAR) 3


    • Length:
    1. In Adult Men: 45 CM
    2. In Adult Women: 42 CM

    • Weight: 30 Grams

    • Extend: It extends from upper border of Atlas


    Vertebra to lower border of first Lumber
    Vertebra

    • Length of Spinal Cord is shorter than length of


    Vertebral Column

    • Conus medullaris

    • Filum terminale

    • Cauda equina
    ARTI KATARIA (BPT 3rd YEAR) 4
    Spinal Cord’s protection and
    coverings are as follows:
    a) Vertebral Column: Function of
    vertebral column is protection of the
    spinal cord.
    b) Meningeal Coverings: The Spinal
    Cord is surrounded by three meninges
    1. Dura mater – Outermost Layer
    2. Arachnoid mater – Middle Layer
    3. Pia mater – Innermost Layer

    ARTI KATARIA (BPT 3rd YEAR) 5


    c) Spaces
    1. Epidural space: Space
    between dura mater and
    endosteum of vertebral canal.
    2. Subdural space: Space
    between dura mater and
    arachnoid mater.
    3. Subarachnoid space: Space
    between arachnoid mater and
    pia mater.

    ARTI KATARIA (BPT 3rd YEAR) 6


    ARTI KATARIA (BPT 3rd YEAR) 7
    Internal Structure of Spinal
    Cord consists of:
    • Gray Matter
    • White Matter

    ARTI KATARIA (BPT 3rd YEAR) 8


    • Gray Matter:
    1. Horns
    a. Dorsal – Sensory
    b. Ventral – Motor
    c. Lateral – Autonomic

    2. Gray Commissure

    3. Central Canal

    4. Neurons
    a) Golgi Type I Neuron
    • Have long axons
    • Usually found in anterior horn
    b) Golgi type II Neurons
    • Have short axons
    • Found mostly in posterior horn

    Organization of Neurons in gray matter:


    It is described in two methods:
    1. Nuclei or Column
    2. Laminae or Layers
    ARTI KATARIA (BPT 3rd YEAR) 9
    • White Matter

    • Columns
    a) Anterior
    b) Posterior
    c) Lateral

    • Tracts
    a) Short tracts
    1. Intrinsic tracts
    2. Commissural tracts

    b) Long tracts
    1. Ascending tracts
    2. Descending tracts

    ARTI KATARIA (BPT 3rd YEAR) 10


    Spinal Cord has two spindle shaped
    swellings, namely:

     Cervical Enlargement
    For supply of upper limb muscles

     Lumber Enlargement
    For supply of lower limb muscles

    ARTI KATARIA (BPT 3rd YEAR) 11


    ARTI KATARIA (BPT 3rd YEAR) 12
    • Spinal Nerves
    o Arises in Pairs
    o Spinal Nerves arise in 31 pairs:
    a) 8 Cervical
    b) 12 Thoracic
    c) 5 Lumber
    d) 5 Sacral
    e) 1 Coccygeal

    Spinal nerves arise from spinal cord as:


    a) Dorsal Root – contain sensory fibres
    b) Ventral Root – contain motor fibres

    Interneurons : Link sensory & motor neurons

    When Spiral nerve comes out from vertebral


    column, branching takes place as:
     Dorsal branch/ Dorsal Ramus
     Ventral branch/ Ventral Ramus
     Ramus Communicans

    ARTI KATARIA (BPT 3rd YEAR) 13


    • Reflexes

    • Response to a peripheral nervous


    stimulation
    • Occurs without our consciousness
    • Protective mechanism

    ARTI KATARIA (BPT 3rd YEAR) 14


    • Reflex Arc: Nervous pathway for
    reflex action

    • Components of reflex arc:


    Receptor Afferent Nerve
    • Receive stimulus • Transmit sensory
    impulses from
    receptor to center

    Spinal Center

    Efferent Nerve Effector Organ


    • Transmit motor • Muscle/ Gland
    impulses from center
    to effector organ
    ARTI KATARIA (BPT 3rd YEAR) 15
    • Spinal Reflexes:
    Controlled by Spinal Cord without involvement of Brain

    • Spinal Reflexes are:


    1. Monosynaptic Reflex
    2. Polysynaptic Reflex

    ARTI KATARIA (BPT 3rd YEAR) 16


    1. Monosynaptic
    Reflex:

    Only single synapse is


    present in pathway from
    receptor to effector

    Example:
    Stretch Reflex – Knee
    Jerk Reflex

    ARTI KATARIA (BPT 3rd YEAR) 17


    2. Polysynaptic Reflex:

     More in number
     More than one synapses
    are present in pathway
    from receptor to effector

    Example:
    The Flexor (withdrawal)
    reflex and Crossed Extensor
    reflex

    ARTI KATARIA (BPT 3rd YEAR) 18


    ARTI KATARIA (BPT 3rd YEAR) 19

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