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Statistics - A.Y. 2018-2019: BIEF - Class 22

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Statistics - A.Y. 2018-2019: BIEF - Class 22

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30001 Statistics – a.y.

2018-2019

BIEF – Class 22
Lecture 2

Ch. 1 § 1.2
Ch. 1 § 1.3
AMD
Previously on “Statistics 30001”
• Statistical thinking and
decision making under uncertainty
• Basic concepts:
Variables & Data
Population & Sample
Parameter & Statistic
Descriptive statistics & Inferential statistics
RECAP

The process of inference


Population Sample
(N = size: # of items) (n = size: # of observations)

A measure computed on the A measures computed


items of the population is from sample data is called
called parameter statistic
The two branches of statistics

What is statistics?

A set of graphical and numerical … developed to


procedures to:
make predictions and estimates
collect,
for drawing conclusions
process or making decisions
(analyze, summarize, present)
about a population
interpret data … based on sample results

DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS STATISTICAL INFERENCE


Objectives of this lecture
• Identify types of data and levels of
measurement
• Appropriately create and interpret tables and
graphs to describe categorical variables:
• frequency distribution,
• bar chart,
• pie chart.
Is data representation a trivial subject?
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E91bGT9B
jYk (suggested)
How to present data
Data in raw form are usually not easy to use for
decision making
Some type of organization is needed
– Table
– Graph
The type of graph to use depends on the
variable being summarized
Classification of variables
Types

Categorical Numerical

Examples:
• Marital Status
• Are you Discrete Continuous
registered to
vote?
Examples: Examples:
• Eye Color
• Number of • Weight
(Defined categories
Children • Voltage
or groups)
• Defects per hour (Measured
(Counted items) characteristics)
Measurement levels
Differences
between Ex: defects per hour,
measurements, Ratio Data amount of deposits
true zero exists
Quantitative data
Differences
between
measurements but Interval Data Ex: temperature
no true zero

Ordered
Categories Ex: level of
(rankings, order, Ordinal Data satisfaction, education
or scaling)
Qualitative data
Categories (no
ordering or Nominal Data Ex: gender
direction)
Classification of variables and data
Types

Differences Differences
are Categorical or Numerical or are
meaningless qualitative quantiative meaningful

Nominal Ordinal Discrete Continuous

Nominal Nominal Discrete Discrete


w/few w/many Ordinal w/few w/many Continuous
categories categories values values
Proper Tables and graphs
by type of variables and data
Nominal Nominal Discrete Discrete
w/few w/many Ordinal w/few w/many Continuous
categories categories values values

Frequency
Frequency distribution of
Frequency distribution of categories distribution
classes of values
of values

Pie Bar
Bar diagram Histogram
Chart diagram

Cum.
Distr. Ogive
Funct.
Exercise

1.5 A number of questions were posed…


The frequency distribution table
Summarize data by category

Example: Hospital Patients by Unit


Hospital Unit Number of Patients Percent
(rounded)
Cardiac Care # of times 1,052 11.93
# of times
that the
Emergency 2,245 that 25.46
variable is 2,245/8,819 %
“Emergency”
Intensive Care equal to the 340 is observed 3.86
Maternity category 552 6.26
“Emergency”
Surgery 4,630 52.50
Total: N 8,819 100.0
The frequency distribution table
Summarize data by category

Notation Absolute Relative


frequencies frequencies
x f p
x1 f1 p1
x2 f2 p2
… … …
xi fi pi
… … …
xk fk pk
Total: n 100.0
Bar diagram and Pie chart

• Bar charts and Pie charts are often used for


qualitative (categorical) data

• Height of bar or size of pie slice shows the


frequency or percentage for each category
Bar diagram example
Hospital Unit Number of Percent
Patients
(rounded)
Cardiac Care 1,052 11.93
Emergency 2,245 25.46
Intensive Care 340 3.86
Maternity 552 6.26
Surgery 4,630 52.50
Total: 8,819 100.0
60.0%

50.0%

40.0%

30.0%

20.0%

10.0%

0.0%
Cardiac care Emergency Intensive care Maternity Surgery
Pie chart example
Hospital Unit Number of Percent
Patients
(rounded)
Cardiac Care 1,052 11.93
Emergency 2,245 25.46
Intensive Care 340 3.86
Maternity 552 6.26
Surgery 4,630 52.50
Total: 8,819 100.0

Cardiac care
12%
Emergency
26%
52% Intensive
care
6% Maternity
4%
Exercise

1.11 Bank clients were asked …


Exercise

1.13 Suppose that an estimate of U.S. federal


spending…
Recap
• Identify types of data and levels of
measurement.
• Create and interpret tables and graphs to
describe categorical variables:
• frequency distribution,
• bar chart,
• pie chart.
Upcoming

Frequency tables and pie charts with R software


DISCLAIMER
This material is carried out by using part of
slides provided by Pearson Education as
appendix of the Textbook.
Therefore it must be used only for didactic
purpose and it cannot be published, hired or
sold.
The use of the material and any violations of
Copyright © Pearson Education is under
your responsibility.

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