Text: A Connected Discourse

11 – Pascal
Group 1
B1 – B4
G1 – G4
Discourse
- utterance, talk, speech, discussion, and
conversation
- an extended expression of thoughts or ideas

* The ideas in discourse are not connected or do not have a

particular structure.
Text
• a large unit of written language
• a group of ideas put together to make a point or
one central idea
• has a structure which requires the ideas in the
discourse to be relevant to each other
• an actually connected discourse
Properties of a well – written text
1. Organization

- refers to the arrangement of ideas in a text

* Creating an outline of ideas before you start writing can

help your work become organized.
Outline
- provides a format in which ideas can be
arranged in a hierarchy

- that is, it distinguishes the general ideas from the

specific or subordinating ideas
Properties of well written text
2. Coherence and Cohesion

- refer to the connection of ideas and connection

between sentences and between paragraphs

* In order for you to assure coherence and cohesion, you

need to use transitional or cohesive devices.
Properties of well written text
3. Appropriate Language Use

- refers to the acceptable style of language for a

particular form of text
Properties of well written text
4. Proper Mechanics

- refers to the conventions of writing which

includes capitalization, punctuation, spelling,
numerals, abbreviations, acronyms and
contractions
WORDS
Morphology
- the study of words, how they are formed, and
their relationship to other words in the same
language
- analyzes the structure of words and parts of
words, such as root words, prefixes, and suffixes
Morpheme
- the smallest grammatical unit in a language

Two Types of Morpheme:

1. Free Morpheme
2. Bound Morpheme
Free Morpheme
- can function independently as a word

Examples: house, cat, blood

Bound Morpheme
- a word element attached to a root word (the
main part of a word) to give it another meaning

- cannot function independently as a word

Examples: affixes (prefixes and suffixes)

Affix
- a morpheme that is attached to a root word to
form a new word

1. Prefix
2. Suffix
Prefix
- a morpheme that comes before a root word

Examples:
auto- (automobile)
in- (incorrect)
over- (overcharge
Suffix
- a morpheme that comes after a root word

Examples:
-ful (forgetful)
-ish (childish)
-ive (active)
2 varieties of Suffixes
1. Inflectional Suffixes

- modify the grammatical class of words by

signaling a change in number, tense, degrees of
comparison, and so on, but they do not shift the
base form into another word class
2 varieties of Suffixes
2. Derivational Suffixes
- modify either the part of speech or the actual
meaning of a word
Compound Words
- combination of two different words

Examples:
back + ward = backward (towards the reverse direction)
book + shelf = bookshelf (storage of books)
full + moon = full moon (a moon appearing as a bright
circle)
six + pack = six-pack (often in reference to a pack of
drinks)
Context Clues
- are words, phrases, and sentences that surround
an unfamiliar word and help you recognize the
meaning of an unknown word
Most Common Types of Context Clues
1. Synonyms - used when the text has words or
phrases that are similar in meaning to the
unknown word

Example: The narrator in the poem was euphoric at his son's victory,
for he cried out triumphantly when the boy came home.

Euphoric

- victorious; triumphant; very happy and excited

Other Examples:

a. This situation is a conundrum - a puzzle.

conundrum
- a confusing or a difficult situation
b. Humpty Dumpty took great pleasure in
obfuscating the poem's meaning to Alice. His
explanations about the poem were confusing and
complicated.

obfuscating
- making more difficult to understand; confusing
c. We are planning a picnic for today. It is sunny
and warm outside. It will be an idyllic day - just
perfect for a picnic.

idyllic
- perfect; very peaceful, happy, and enjoyable
2. Antonyms - words that reveal the opposite
meaning in relation to the unknown word

Example: Although Mary was willing to play in the

snow, Jack was reluctant because he was so cold.

Reluctant
- not willing to do something
a. Diane is gregarious, not like her brother who is
quiet and shy.

gregarious
- sociable; outgoing; extrovert
b. The lanky dog was not fat, even though he ate a
lot.

lanky
- skinny
c. The rich woman gave a paltry sum to the charity
even though she was able to give much more.

paltry
-very small or too small in amount
3. Examples - are specific details in a text that are
used to clarify the meaning of a word

Example: Projectiles include those items that are

shot forward such as a cannon shell, bullet, or
rocket.

Projectiles
- things (such as bullet or rocket) that are shot
from weapon
a. Famous conquistadors include Cortes, who
conquered Aztec Mexico and Pizarro, who
conquered Inca Peru.

Conquistadors
- conquerors; ones that take control of (a country
or city) through the use of force
b. A sleuth, such as Sherlock Holmes, can be very
helpful in solving crimes.

sleuth
- detective
- someone who looks for information to solve
crimes
c. Precipitation, such as rain and snow, falls from
the sky.

precipitation
- water that falls to the ground (such as rain and
snow
4. Definition - is usually signaled by a form of the
verb to be (am, is, are, was, were) or by commas or
dashes

Example: The prisoner was in a state of wrath—a

feeling of intense anger.

Wrath
- extreme anger
a. To shun someone is to have nothing to do with
that person.

shun
- to avoid deliberately
b. He seemed to be ill, but it was merely a ruse,
that is, a clever trick to deceive us.

ruse
- a trick or act that is used to fool someone
- a wily subterfuge
- deception
c. Sedentary individuals, people who are not very
active, often have diminished health.

sedentary
- not doing or involving much physical activity
5. Explanation - words or phrases that explain the
unfamiliar word's meaning

Example: An evanescent ring surrounded the

moon as it rose. It was there for a moment, and
then it disappeared.

Evanescent
- lasting a very short time; brief; momentary
a. Elis is a blithe young girl. She always greets
everyone with a smile.

blithe
- cheerful; happy, lighthearted
b. Katie appeared infallible in math class because
she had never gotten a problem wrong.

infallible
- unerring;
- unfailing
- not capable of being wrong
c. The tornado annihilated the whole town to the
point that nothing was left standing.

annihilated
- destroyed; eradicated; exterminated; abolished
Simile
- is identified by the use of “like,” “as,” “similar
to,” and the like. They compare dissimilar
objects that share certain characteristics

Examples:
1. When he walked into the room, the entire audience looked up, like
flowers turning towards the sun.
2. His headache was as painful as a root canal without the benefit of
laughing gas.
Metaphor
- directly refers to the object being described as
being or previously being the object it is
compared or connected to

Examples:
1. The boom of his voice, all thunder and lightning, echoed through
the entire hall.
2. The dog was a jack-in-the-box, trying to jump up on the visitors.
Essential Learning

A text is a connected discourse, which

means that all ideas in the text must be
related in the sense that they would
express only one main idea, or that the text
must have unity by combining all ideas to
emphasize central idea.