INTRODUCTION TO

COMPUTER
TOPICS
Computer Concept
Data Processing
Evolution of Computer
Hardware
Software
Peopleware
Internet and WWW
Programming (JAVA)
Introduction to JAVA
Object Oriented Programming
Installation
HANDS-ON(SIMPLE JAVA PROGRAMS)
HANDS-ON(SIMPLE JAVA APPLICATION)
What is a
computer ?
Computer
Is an advanced electronic data processing device
designed to accept data and instructions. The
instructions are used to perform logical and
mathematical operations on the data and report the
result of its processing. These results are the
information that we need.

A computer is a programmable machine that

receives input, stores and manipulates data, and
provides output in a useful format.
Characteristics of Computer
It is a machine
It is electronic
It is automatic
It can manipulate data
It has memory
It has logical functions

Capabilities of Computer
Speed
Accuracy
Repetitiveness
Storage
Programmable
 Computer functions
INPUT
-Receives data and instruction
-Input is the raw information entered into a computer form the input devises.
-It is the collection of letters, numbers, images, symbol, etc.
PROCESS
Process is the operation of data as per given instruction. It is totally internal
process of the computer system.
OUTPUT
Output is the processed data of given by computer after data
processing. Output is also called as Result
STORAGE
Stores result Saving results in the storage devices for the future use.
Data Processing
Is a process of transforming data into useful and meaningful
information. It involves gathering of facts and have them
converted into useful information. It provides efficient
storage and recovery of data, and also, it provides
accurate, complete, relevant and timely information.

Data vs. Information

Data- a collection of facts relating to events that take
place. These facts could in the form of numbers, letters,
special symbols or combination of these.
Information – data that has been organized and processed
so that it is meaning
BREIF HISTORY OF COMPUTER

The computers of today are massively different

in appearance and performance as
compared to the computers of earlier days.

But where did this technology

come from and where is it
originated?
 HISTORY OF COMPUTER
Electronic computers were given this name because they
performed the work that had previously been assigned to people.
"Computer" was originally a job title: it was used to describe those
human beings (predominantly women) whose job was to perform
the repetitive calculations required to compute such things as
navigational tables, tide charts, and planetary positions for
astronomical almanacs. Imagine you had a job where hour after
hour, day after day, you were to do nothing but compute
multiplications. And even on your best days you wouldn't be
producing answers very fast. Therefore, inventors have been
searching for hundreds of years for a way to mechanize this task.
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 EVOLUTION OF COMPUTER
 PRE- MODERN ERA or MECHANICAL DEVICES
 FIRST GENERATION(1951-1958)
 SECOND GENERATION (1959-1963)
 THIRD GENERATION (1964-1970)
 FOURTH GENERATION (1971-Present)
 FIFTH GENERATION (Future)

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 PRE- MODERN ERA
Computing Aid that people invented
Abacus
 The first computing aid that were used to help
them in their computation.

Napier’s Bone  In 1617 a Scotsman named John Napier

invented logarithms, which are a technology that
allows multiplication to be performed via addition. The
magic ingredient is the logarithm of each operand,
which was originally obtained from a printed table. But
Napier also invented an alternative to tables, where
the logarithm values were carved on ivory sticks which
11 are now called Napier's Bones.
 PRE- MODERN ERA
Computing Aid that people invented
The Slide Rule
 Used primarily for multiplication and division,
and also for "scientific" functions such as roots,
logarithms and trigonometry, but is not
normally used for addition or subtraction.
invented by William Oughtred.

Pascaline Calculator
• The first calculator or adding machine to be
produced in any quantity and actually used. It could
only do addition and subtraction, with numbers
being entered by manipulating its dials.

• Designed and built by the French mathematician-

philosopher Blaise Pascal between 1642 and 1644.
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 PRE- MODERN ERA
Computing Aid that people invented
The Difference Engine
Analytical Engine Analytical Engine
It is completely automatic
and capable f calculating
any mathematical
problems. Invented by
Charles Babbages.

The Difference Engine

An automatic, mechanical
calculator designed to
tabulate polynomial
functions and able to
compute tables of numbers,
such as logarithm tables.
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 PRE- MODERN ERA

Charles Babbage , a
nineteenth century professor
at Cambridge university is
considered to be Father of
the Computer. He designed
his “different engine” in 1822
and his “analytical engine”
in 1833 .

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 PRE- MODERN ERA Electro-Mechanical Devices
Hollerith's Tabulating Machine

In 1855 , Herman Hollerith , developed a machine

run on the electricity for the first time for calculating
and recording data . It was capable of reading
both numbers and letters , processing and giving
out letters and numbers in designed form .

Automatic Sequence Controlled

Calculator (MARK1)

The first large-scale

automatic digital computer in
the USA by Howard H. Aiken,
built at IBM and shipped to
15
Harvard in February 1944
 PRE- MODERN ERA Electronic Devices
Electronic Numerical Integrator
and Calculator (ENIAC)
ENIAC built between 1943 and 1945—the first large-scale computer to run at
electronic speed without being slowed by any mechanical parts. For a decade,
until a 1955 lightning strike, ENIAC may have run more calculations than all
humanity had done up to that point. ENIAC was formally dedicated at the
University of Pennsylvania as a "Giant Brain" by the press. By John Mauchley and J.
Presper Eckert

16
 PRE- MODERN ERA Electronic Devices
Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer
(EDVAC)
Mauchley & Eckert started working on it two years before
ENIAC even went into operation. Their idea was to have the
program for the computer stored inside the computer. EDVAC
has more internal memory than ENIAC. It was completely
internally programmed machine. This is simply the
enhancement of ENIAC to overcome is limitation.

Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator

(EDSAC)
Also known as Electronic Binary Digital computer that uses
binary representation of data and internally stored program.

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 FIRST GENERATION(1951-1958)
VACUUM TUBE TECHNOLOGY
First generation of computer started with
using vacuum tubes as the basic components for
memory and circuitry for CPU(Central Processing
Unit). These tubes like electric bulbs produced a
lot of heat and were prone to frequent fusing of
the installations, therefore, were very expensive
and could be afforded only by very large
organizations.
In this generation mainly batch
processing operating system were used. In this
generation Punched cards, Paper tape,
Magnetic tape Input & Output device were used.
There were Machine code and electric wired
board languages used.
IBM-701- the first generation computer of IBM
IBM-650 – the most popular 1st Generation computer
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 SECOND GENERATION (1959-1963)
USE OF TRANSISTORS

This generation using the transistor

were cheaper, consumed less power,
more compact in size, more reliable
and faster than the first generation
machines made of vaccum tubes.

In this generation assembly language

and high level programming language
like FORTRAN, COBOL were used

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 THIRD GENERATION (1964-1970)
INTEGRATED CIRCUIT USED

The third generation of computer is

marked by the use of Integrated Circuits
(IC's) in place of transistors. A single I.C has
many transistors, resistors and capacitors
along with the associated circuitry. The I.C
was invented by Jack Kilby.

High level language (FORTRAN-II TO IV,

COBOL, PASCAL PL/1, BASIC, ALGOL-68
etc.) were used during this generation.

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 FOURTH GENERATION (1971-Present)
VLSI TECHNOLOGY USED
The fourth generation of computers is marked by
the use of Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI)
circuits. VLSI circuits having about 5000 transistors
and other circuit elements and their associated
circuits on a single chip made it possible to have
microcomputers of fourth generation. Fourth
Generation computers became more powerful,
compact, reliable, and affordable. As a result, it
gave rise to personal computer (PC) revolution.

All the Higher level languages like C and

C++, JAVA, .NET etc. were used in this
generation

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 FIFTH GENERATION (FUTURE)
ULSI TECHNOLOGY USED
In the fifth generation, the VLSI technology became ULSI (Ultra Large Scale
Integration) technology, resulting in the production of microprocessor chips
having ten million electronic components.
This generation is based on parallel processing hardware and AI (Artificial
Intelligence) software.
AI is an emerging branch in computer science, which
interprets means and method of making computers think like
human beings
All the Higher level languages like C and C++, Java, .Net
etc. are used in this generation. AI includes:
Robotics
Neural networks
Game Playing
Development of expert systems to make decisions in
real life situations.
Natural language understanding and generation.
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CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS
ACCORDING TO PURPOSE
General-Purpose Computers- it has the ability to store different programs of instructions
and thus, perform a variety of operations
Special-Purpose Computers- is designed to perform one specific tasks. The program of
instructions is built into, or permanently stored in the machine
ACCORDING TO DATA HANDLED
Analog Computers- used for scientific, engineering, and process control purpose
Digital Computers- is a machine that specializes in counting. It operates by counting
values that are discrete or separate and distinct.
Hybrid Computers- a combination of the analog and the logical capabilities of digital
computer.
ACCORDING TO CAPACITY
1. Microcomputers - smallest, least costly, and most popular computers on the market.
2. Minicomputers - performs specialized tasks such as handling data communications.
3. Mainframe Computers- large, fast systems capable of supporting several hundred
input and output devices , Frequently used as repositories of huge amount of data.
4. Supercomputers- are the fastest most expensive computers. Can run different
23 calculations simultaneously.
COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEM
1. HARDWARE
-Refers to the internal and external physical
compositions of the computer
2. SOFTWARE
-Refers to a set of instructions that is to be
executed by the computer called Program
3. PEOPLEWARE
-Refers to the personnel involved within the
computer installation or could be anybody who wants
their job to be done using computer.
Input Devices
Input devices are pieces of
hardware which are used to put
data into a computer.

Output Devices
Output devices are pieces of
hardware which convert computer
data into a form which can be used
productively
BASIC PARTS OF THE COMPUTER
SYSTEM UNIT
The system unit is the core of a
computer system. Inside this box are
many electronic components that
process information. The most
important of these components is
the central processing unit (CPU),
or microprocessor, which acts as the
"brain" of your computer. Another
component is random access
memory (RAM), which temporarily
stores information that the CPU uses
while the computer is on. The
information stored in RAM is erased
when the computer is turned off.
 MONITOR
A monitor displays information in visual form, using text and graphics.
The portion of the monitor that displays the information is called
the screen.
There are two basic types of monitors:

LCD (liquid crystal display) monitors. CRT (cathode ray tube) monitors

Both types produce sharp images, but LCD monitors have the advantage of being
much thinner and lighter. CRT monitors, however, are generally more affordable
MOUSE
A mouse is a small device used to point to and select items on your
computer screen
A mouse usually has two buttons: a primary button
(usually the left button) and a secondary button. Many
mice also have a wheel between the two buttons,
which allows you to scroll smoothly through screens of
information

SPEAKER
Speakers are used to play sound. They may
be built into the system unit or connected
with cables. Speakers allow you to listen to
music and hear sound effects from your
computer.
KEYBOARD
A keyboard is used mainly for typing text into your computer. Like the keyboard
on a typewriter, it has keys for letters and numbers, but it also has special keys
 The function keys, found on the top row, perform
different functions depending on where they are used.
 The numeric keypad, located on the right side of most
keyboards, allows you to enter numbers quickly.
 The navigation keys, such as the arrow keys, allow you
to move your position within a document or webpage
MODEM

To connect your computer to the Internet, you need

a modem. A modem is a device that sends and
receives computer information over a telephone line
or high-speed cable. Modems are sometimes built
into the system unit, but higher-speed modems are
usually separate components
 PRINTER
A printer transfers data from a computer onto paper. You don't need a
printer to use your computer, but having one allows you to print e-mail,
cards, invitations, announcements, and other materials.
The two main types of printers are inkjet printers and laser printers.
Inkjet printers are the most popular printers for the home. They can print in
black and white or in full color and can produce high-quality photographs
when used with special paper. Laser printers are faster and generally better
able to handle heavy use

Inkjet printer (left); laser printer (right)

HARDWARE
Components Inside the System Unit
POWER SUPPLY
•Converts Alternating current (AC)
Direct current (DC)
•Transforms mains voltage (240
Volts) to the voltages required by
the computer.
HARDWARE
Components Inside the System Unit
Motherboard, Mainboard or system board - the main
circuit board for the computer system. All device in the
computer system will either be part of the motherboard or
MOTHERBOARD connected to it.
Memory
Sockets
Processor
Socket

Chipset

PCI Slots
Peripheral
Ports Component
Interconnect
Graphics Slot
HARDWARE Processor
Buses - a path through which data
can be sent to the different parts of
the computer system. Main buses: Front Side
Bus RAM

Northbridge
Graphics Slot Memory Bus
PC-Express or AGP All Memory
Graphics Bus

Internal
Bus

Southbridge
PCI Slots PCI Bus Onboard
IDE Graphics
PCI Bus SATA
USB
LAN
Audio
HARDWARE
Components Inside the System Unit
Central Processing Unit (CPU) - is the most important part of the computer. It
acts as a 'brain', performing calculations and controlling the various
components of the system. A computer works on three basic functions: input,
processing and output. The CPU controls the processing of information.
Processor speed - measured in megahertz (MHz) or Gigahertz (GHz) - the
speed of the system clock (clock speed) within the processor and it controls
how fast instructions are executed:
• 1 MHz - 1 million clock ticks every second
• 1 GHz - 1 billion clock ticks every second
Computer program - a series of instructions. When a program is
run, the processor carries out these instructions in an orderly
fashion. Typical instructions include:
•Arithmetic - addition, subtraction etc.
•Logical - comparing data and acting according to the result
•Move - move data from place to place within the computer
system - memory to the processor for addition - memory to a
printer or disk drive etc.
HARDWARE
Components Inside the System Unit
2 TYPES OF STORAGE DEVICE:

Primary Storage
A storage location that holds memory for short periods of times.
For example, computer RAM is an example of a primary storage
device.

Secondary Storage
A storage medium that holds information until it is deleted or
overwritten. For example, a floppy disk drive or a hard disk is an
example of second storage device
HARDWARE
Components Inside the System Unit
HARD DRIVE
hard disk, also called a hard drive, is the device on which most computer
data is stored. It's called a hard disk because it is a hard non-removable
disk-shaped piece of metal. They are usually built into the computer
system unit. The computer takes part of programs from the hard disk and
puts them into RAM so they can be used quickly

Because hard disks can hold massive

amounts of information, they usually
serve as your computer's primary
means of storage, holding almost all of
your programs and files.
HARDWARE
Components Inside the System Unit
MEMORY
Memory can be divided into two basic types:
RAM (Random Access Memory) and ROM (Read Only Memory).
RAM is the computer's main memory. The more of it you have, the faster your
programs will run. That's because the computer uses its RAM to hold data,
pieces of the operating system (such as Windows or Linux) and parts of the
programs you are working with. If the RAM gets filled up, the computer runs
more slowly. If you run many programs (multitasking), RAM quickly fills and
things will start going very s _ l_ o_ w_ l_ y. RAM is known as volatile memory.

ROM is Read Only Memory. It's the permanent

memory which is not lost when the computer is turned
off (non-volatile memory). It is used for storing
essential operating information, such as starting
("booting up") the computer.
MEMORY
Computer memory is
measured in bit, byte, KB,
MB, GB, TB.
Storage Devices
Floppy disks –These disks were portable and they were so soft that they could flop
around; so they were called "floppies". They were easily damaged, and fell out of
use once the diskette was developed.
Diskettes –They are called diskettes because they are smaller than the original floppy
disks, although they are also commonly called floppy disks. Diskettes are still used a lot
these days because they are portable and great for moving data from one computer
to another. They hold about one and a half megabytes of data (1.44 MB).
Compact Disks (CDs) – these are a type of high-density storage media and can
hold far more data than a diskette. A typical CD can hold 700 MB - that almost 500
floppy disks. It used to be that CDs were called CD-ROMS because, after data was
recorded on them, they could not be used to add more data. They were Read
Only. Today, there are CDs which can be written on to many times. They're called
rewritable CDs

Flash Drive– this is a small, portable data storage device that plugs into a computer's
USB port. It can be used to store data, music, pictures, etc.
Storage Devices
Internal Hard Disks – a hard disk, also called a hard drive, is the device on
which most computer data is stored. It's called a hard disk because it is a
hard non-removable disk-shaped piece of metal
External Hard Disks – an external hard drive is a separate device which is
attached to the computer by a cable. It has its own 'box' or casing, and is used
to back up information from the main hard drive.
Digital Versatile Disks (DVDs) – DVDs are just CDs which can hold much more
data. Some store as much as 17 GB of data. That's a lot of space; enough to
hold a whole movie. You need a special hard drive to read a DVD because
DVDs are read by two little lasers in the computer. Ordinary CDs can be read
with just one laser.
Disk Cost: The cheapest form of external / secondary storage is the diskette. CDs are
more expensive than floppies, but store far more data. DVDs are a little more expensive
than CDs, but require a special hard drive which adds to the cost of using them. Hard
disks are the most expensive form of storage, but they are becoming much less
expensive because they are being designed to hold more data. They are priced
according to how many gigabytes of space they can hold.
SOFTWARE
Software is the non-physical components of the computer
that are intangible in nature. This consist of a program
which is a set of instructions that instruct the hardware what
to do. Program serve as an interface between the
hardware and peopleware for the computer system
operations.

CATEGORIES OF SOFTWARE

 SYSTEM SOFTWARE

 APPLICATION SOFTWARE
SYSTEM SOFTWARE
System software is background software that helps the computer
manage its own internal resources.

The most important system software is the operating system,

which interacts with the application software and the computer.
System software manages the fundamental operations of the computer,
such as loading programs and data into memory, executing programs,
saving data to disks, displaying information on the monitor, and transmitting
data through a port to a peripheral device.

TYPES OF SYSTEM SOFTWARE:

• System control program
• System Support Program
• System Development Programs
SYSTEM SOFTWARE: TYPES OF SYSTEM SOFTWARE
SYSTEM CONTROL PROGRAM
They control the execution of program
• Operating system – a set of programs which controls and coordinates the whole operation of
the computer system. It acts as the computer’s internal government, controllers and resource
manager.
• Device drivers – are system programs, which are responsible for proper functioning of device.
Example device like printer.

SYSTEM SUPPORT PROGRAM

They provide routine service function to other computer programs and users.
• Utility programs are – text editor, they are used to create and edit files. For exam. ‘notepad’
• Backup utilities – these utility programs helps us to back up our important data.
• Data recovery software – sometimes illegal operation may result in an accidental loss of data
which was still to be needed then we used dara recovery software. Such the recycle bin.
• Compression utilities – compression utility are sued to compress large sized files so that they can
be stored in storage of low capacity. Win-zip is a popular compression utility used in window
based desktops.
• Anti-virus utility – any program that effects the normal working of the other programs of effects
the boot sector of the disk is virus. The anti-virus software detects the virus, identify and prevent it
from spreading.
SYSTEM SOFTWARE: TYPES OF SYSTEM SOFTWARE
SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS
They assist in the creations of computer programs
• Compilers and interpreters – are program that translate high-level language
programs into object code. Compliers translate the whole programs into object
code at once while interpreters translate it one statement at a time. Example C
compiler, COBOL compiler, Java interpreter.

FEATURES OF SYSTEM SOFTWARE

 It is close to system
 It is fast in speed
 It is difficult to manipulate
 It is smaller in size
 It is difficult to design
 It is difficult to understand
 It is generally written in low level language
Operating System
The most important system software is the operating system, which interacts with the
application software and the computer.
As computers have progressed and developed so have the operating systems.
Below is a basic list of the different operating systems and a few examples of
operating systems that fall into each of the categories. Many computer operating
systems will fall into more than one of the below categories.
GUI - Short for Graphical User Interface, a GUI Operating System
contains graphics and icons and is commonly navigated by
using a computer mouse.
Examples of Operating
Multi-user - A multi-user operating system allows for multiple users Systems:
to use the same computer at the same time and different
times.
• Mac OS for Apple
Multiprocessing - An operating system capable of supporting • Unix
and utilizing more than one computer processor.
• Linux
Multitasking - An operating system that is capable of allowing
multiple software processes to run at the same time.
Multiprogramming -permits multiple programs to share a
APPLICATION SOFTWARE
Application Software – is a programs that help solve and
meet user problems and need directly. They are design to
perform specific functions, which make daily activities
easier and facilitate the performance of work efficiently
and effectively
3 BASIC TYPES OF APPLICATON SOFTWARE
• Commercial Software- Comes prepackage and is available from software
vendors. It must be purchased.
• Shareware- Are software developed and released as demonstration versions
of their commercial product. Each demonstration copy has an expiration
date which gives the user ample time to evaluate and decide whether to
purchase the product or not.
• Open source- Software is created by generous programmers and released to
the public domain or free and for public use.
 The major types of software
System control program
Operating Systems
Application software Schedules computer events
Allocates computer resources
System software
Monitor events
Hardware
System Development Programs
Language translators
Interpreters
Compilers
Users

System Support Program

Application Software Utility programs
Programming languages Routine operations (e.g. sort, list, print)
FORTRAN, BASIC, PL/1 Manage data (e.g. create files, merge files
PASCAL, C. “4th generation “ languages
Spreadsheets, MS Office.
▪ The relationship between software and hardware
 End!
ANY QUESTIONS?

ALDRIN C. TASONG, MSIT

IT Instructor Contact me @:
Bachelor of Science in Information Technology -2017 P-5 Poblacion, San Jose, PDI
Master of Science in Information Technology-2019 +639093251046
Computer Systems Servicing NC-II - 2016 [email protected]