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    C++ Basics: Vks-Learning Hub

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    Vinod Srivastava
    VKS-LEARNING HUB provides concise summaries of C++ basics in 3 sentences or less: The document defines different C++ tokens such as keywords, identifiers, constants, operators, strings, and comments. It explains how to create and assign values to variables in C++ using data types, variable names, and the assignment operator. It also demonstrates how to output values to the console using cout and formatting output with operators like endl.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    C++ Basics: Vks-Learning Hub

    Uploaded by

    Vinod Srivastava
    49 views17 pages
    VKS-LEARNING HUB provides concise summaries of C++ basics in 3 sentences or less: The document defines different C++ tokens such as keywords, identifiers, constants, operators, strings, and comments. It explains how to create and assign values to variables in C++ using data types, variable names, and the assignment operator. It also demonstrates how to output values to the console using cout and formatting output with operators like endl.

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    VKS C++Tokens

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    VKS-LEARNING HUB provides concise summaries of C++ basics in 3 sentences or less: The document defines different C++ tokens such as keywords, identifiers, constants, operators, strings, and comments. It explains how to create and assign values to variables in C++ using data types, variable names, and the assignment operator. It also demonstrates how to output values to the console using cout and formatting output with operators like endl.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    49 views17 pages

    C++ Basics: Vks-Learning Hub

    Uploaded by

    Vinod Srivastava
    VKS-LEARNING HUB provides concise summaries of C++ basics in 3 sentences or less: The document defines different C++ tokens such as keywords, identifiers, constants, operators, strings, and comments. It explains how to create and assign values to variables in C++ using data types, variable names, and the assignment operator. It also demonstrates how to output values to the console using cout and formatting output with operators like endl.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 17

    VKS-LEARNING HUB

    C++ Basics
    VKS-LEARNING HUB

    Creating variable
    A variable is a name given to a memory location to store a
    value and it represents a value in a program. The value
    assigned to the variable name may change during execution
    of program. The program can always access the current
    value of the variable by referring to its name.

    Rule: DataType VariableName;


    DataType VariableName1, VariableName2, VariableName3,
    …;
    VKS-LEARNING HUB

    char a1;
    char ans, choice, section;  Creating a variable is a
    char name[30]; statement in C++ and every
    char subject[20], country[25]; C++ statement is terminated
    by a semi-colon (;).
    int roll;
     String is not a fundamental
    int flatno, number, cellno, phone;
    data type but still examples
    are given how to create string
    float average;
    variables. An array of
    float area, length, marks;
    character is used to create a
    string variable. An example is
    double temperature;
    given below:
    double radius, price, rate;
     char name[30];
    VKS-LEARNING HUB

    Assignment Operator
    Value is assigned to a variable by using assignment operator.
    Using assignment operator, value is stored in a variable when
    writing a program. Using assignment operator, value is copied to
    a variable.

    Rule: VariableName = Value;


    DataType VariableName = Value;

    Usage of assignment operator


    char ch; char ch='A';
    int roll; int sum=13;
    double rate; double rate=154.25;
    ch='A';
    sum=13;
    rate=154.25;
    VKS-LEARNING HUB

    Console Output (cout)


    Using cout and output operator (<<) value can be displayed
    on the screen (console). A list of data items can be displayed
    with single cout, each data separated by output operator (<<).

    Rule: cout<<Value;
    cout<<Value1<<Value1<<Value3…;
    cout<<Value<<endl;

    Usage of cout
    cout<<"Vinay Ahuja";
    cout<<11;
    cout<<'A'; Produces output like
    cout<<141.23 Vinay Ahuja11A78.5

    Usage of cout
    cout<<"Vinay Ahuja"<<11<<'A'<<78.5;
    VKS-LEARNING HUB

    Usage of cout Produces output like


    cout<<"Vinay Ahuja"<<endl; Vinay Ahuja
    cout<<11<<endl; 11
    cout<<'A'<<endl; A
    cout<<78.5<<endl; 78.5

    Displaying many values by using single cout and separating


    the values by output operator (<<) is known as cascading of
    output operator. An example is given below:

    cout<<"Vinay Ahuja"<<11<<'A'<<78.5<<endl;
    VKS-LEARNING HUB
    VKS-LEARNING HUB
    VKS-LEARNING HUB

    Token
    Building block of a program is called a token. It is also
    called program element. Tokens of a C++ program can
    be classified as Keyword, Identifier, Constant, Operator,
    String and Comment.
    VKS-LEARNING HUB

    Keyword
     It is component of a program which has special meaning
    for the C++ compiler.
     In Borland C++ editor keyword appear in bold face.
     C++ compiler contains list of all the keywords. List of
    keywords vary from to compiler to compiler.
     A keyword cannot be redefined. List of commonly used
    C++ keywords are given below:
    VKS-LEARNING HUB

    Identifier
    Identifier is a component of a program which is identified by a
    C++ compiler. There are two broad categories of identifiers:

     Built-in: It is name of built-in functions, constants,


    variables, classes and structure. To use built-in identifier we
    need appropriate header file. Built-in identifier can be
    redefined.

     User-defined: Name created by the programmer like


    variable names, user-defined function names, constant
    names, class names and structure names. User-defined
    identifiers can only be used after they have created or
    declared.
    VKS-LEARNING HUB

    Constant:
    Constant: A constant is a program element whose value
    remains same through the program. Examples of different
    types of constants are given below:
    Constants are of five (5) types:
    char constant: Character constant
    int constant: Integer constant
    float constant: Single precision floating point constant
    double constant Double precision floating point constant
    String constant
    VKS-LEARNING HUB

    Operator:
    Operators are used in C++ to carry out various functions. Mostly
    operators are used in arithmetic calculations and in logical
    expressions. But operators may be used for dynamic memory
    management. An operator in C++ can be unary, binary and ternary.
    Examples of operators are given below
    VKS-LEARNING HUB

    Relational or Comparison Operator

    Logical Operator

    Unary operator: An operator that needs one operand.


    Examples: Unary -, unary +, ++, -- and !.
    Binary operator: An operator that needs two operands.
    Example: Binary +, Binary -, *, /, %, C++ short hand
    operators, logical operators, && and ||.
    VKS-LEARNING HUB

    Ternary operator: An operator that needs three operands.


    Ternary operator is also known as Conditional operator.
    Relational operators (>, >=, <, <=, ==, !=), Logical operators (!,
    &&, ||) and Ternary operator (?:) will be discussed with if-else
    statement.

    String: In C++ anything enclosed within a pair of double quotes


    (") is a called a String constant. A string is treated as an array of
    character or as a pointer to a character. Array and pointer will
    be discussed later. Examples of string are given below:
    "India", "35/8", "999", "***", "GH-14/200", "6", "A", "#", ""
    VKS-LEARNING HUB

    Comment:
     Non executable statements of a C++ program are called Comments.
     Comments are also known as Remarks.
     A Comment is completely ignored by a compiler.
     No code is generated for a Comment.
     Comment is a good tool for Debugging.
     C++ supports two types of Comments:

    Single line Comment: Single Line Comment starts with pair of forward
    slash (//) and till the end of line is considered as a Comment. Examples of
    Single Line Comment are given below:
    // single line comment
    // comment in C++ style

    Multi-line comment: Multi-line comment start with forward slash and


    star (/*) and with star and forward slash (*/). Examples of Multi-Line
    Comment are given below:
    /*
    multi-line comments
    VKS-LEARNING HUB

    Compiler directive:
     Instruction given to the compiler.
     Compiler directive is also called Pre-processor.
     It is called Pre-Processor because instruction to the
    compiler given before the processing starts.
     Every Compiler Directive begins with hash (#).
    Examples of Compiler Directives are given below:

    #include: to include header files


    #define: to create C++ macros

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