CS1104 – Computer Organization

http://www.comp.nus.edu.sg/~cs1104
 Lecture 11: Sequential Logic
Latches & Flip-flops
 Introduction
 Memory Elements
 Pulse-Triggered Latch
 S-R Latch
 Gated S-R Latch
 Gated D Latch
 Edge-Triggered Flip-flops
 S-R Flip-flop
 D Flip-flop
 J-K Flip-flop
 T Flip-flop
 Asynchronous Inputs
CS1104-11 Lecture 11: Sequential Logic: 2
Latches & Flip-flops
Introduction
 A sequential circuit consists of a feedback path,
and employs some memory elements.
Combinational
outputs Memory outputs

Combinational Memory
logic elements

External inputs

Sequential circuit = Combinational logic + Memory Elements

CS1104-11 Introduction 3
Introduction
 There are two types of sequential circuits:
 synchronous: outputs change only at specific time
 asynchronous: outputs change at any time

 Multivibrator: a class of sequential circuits. They

can be:
 bistable (2 stable states)
 monostable or one-shot (1 stable state)
 astable (no stable state)

 Bistable logic devices: latches and flip-flops.

 Latches and flip-flops differ in the method used for
changing their state.

CS1104-11 Introduction 4
Memory Elements
 Memory element: a device which can remember
value indefinitely, or change value on command
from its inputs.

Memory Q
command element stored value

 Characteristic table:
Command Q(t) Q(t+1)
(at time t) Q(t): current state
Set X 1
Q(t+1) or Q+: next state
Reset X 0
Memorise / 0 0
No Change 1 1

CS1104-11 Memory Elements 5

Memory Elements
 Memory element with clock. Flip-flops are memory
elements that change state on clock signals.

Memory Q
command element stored value

clock

 Clock is usually a square wave.

Positive pulses

Positive edges Negative edges

CS1104-11 Memory Elements 6

Memory Elements
 Two types of triggering/activation:
 pulse-triggered
 edge-triggered

 Pulse-triggered
 latches
 ON = 1, OFF = 0

 Edge-triggered
 flip-flops
 positive edge-triggered (ON = from 0 to 1; OFF = other
time)
 negative edge-triggered (ON = from 1 to 0; OFF = other
time)

CS1104-11 Memory Elements 7

S-R Latch
 Complementary outputs: Q and Q'.
 When Q is HIGH, the latch is in SET state.
 When Q is LOW, the latch is in RESET state.
 For active-HIGH input S-R latch (also known as NOR
gate latch),
R=HIGH (and S=LOW) a RESET state
S=HIGH (and R=LOW) a SET state
both inputs LOW a no change
both inputs HIGH a Q and Q' both LOW (invalid)!

CS1104-11 S-R Latch 8

S-R Latch

 For active-LOW input S'-R' latch (also known as NAND

gate latch),
R'=LOW (and S'=HIGH) a RESET state
S'=LOW (and R'=HIGH) a SET state
both inputs HIGH a no change
both inputs LOW a Q and Q' both HIGH (invalid)!
 Drawback of S-R latch: invalid condition exists and
must be avoided.

CS1104-11 S-R Latch 9

S-R Latch
 Characteristics table for active-high input S-R latch:
S R Q Q'
0 0 NC NC No change. Latch
remained in present state. S Q
1 0 1 0 Latch SET.
0 1 0 1 Latch RESET. R Q'
1 1 0 0 Invalid condition.

 Characteristics table for active-low input S'-R' latch:

S' R' Q Q'
1 1 NC NC No change. Latch
remained in present state. S Q
0 1 1 0 Latch SET.
1 0 0 1 Latch RESET. R Q'
0 0 1 1 Invalid condition.

CS1104-11 S-R Latch 10

S-R Latch
 Active-HIGH input S-R latch
10 100 R S R Q Q'
Q 11000 1 0 1 0 initial
0 0 1 0 (afer S=1, R=0)
0 1 0 1
Q' 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 (after S=0, R=1)
10 001 S
1 1 0 0 invalid!

 Active-LOW input S’-R’ latch

S' Q
S' R' Q Q'
R' Q'
S' 1 0 0 1 initial
Q 1 1 0 1 (afer S'=1, R'=0)
0 1 1 0
1 1 1 0 (after S'=0, R'=1)
Q'
R' 0 0 1 1 invalid!

CS1104-11 S-R Latch 11

Gated S-R Latch
 S-R latch + enable input (EN) and 2 NAND gates 
gated S-R latch.

S
Q S Q
EN EN
Q' R Q'
R

CS1104-11 Gated S-R Latch 12

Gated S-R Latch
 Outputs change (if necessary) only when EN is
HIGH.
 Under what condition does the invalid state occur?
 Characteristic table:
EN=1
Q(t) S R Q(t+1) S R Q(t+1)
0 0 0 0 0 0 Q(t) No change
0 0 1 0 0 1 0 Reset
0 1 0 1
1 0 1 Set
0 1 1 indeterminate
1 1 indeterminate
1 0 0 1
1 0 1 0
Q(t+1) = S + R'.Q
1 1 0 1
1 1 1 indeterminate S.R = 0

CS1104-11 Gated S-R Latch 13

Gated D Latch
 Make R input equal to S'  gated D latch.
 D latch eliminates the undesirable condition of
invalid state in the S-R latch.

D
Q D Q
EN EN
Q' Q'

CS1104-11 Gated D Latch 14

Gated D Latch
 When EN is HIGH,
 D=HIGH  latch is SET
 D=LOW  latch is RESET

 Hence when EN is HIGH, Q ‘follows’ the D (data)

input.
 Characteristic table:
EN D Q(t+1)
1 0 0 Reset
1 1 1 Set
0 X Q(t) No change

When EN=1, Q(t+1) = D

CS1104-11 Gated D Latch 15

Latch Circuits: Not Suitable
 Latch circuits are not suitable in synchronous logic
circuits.
 When the enable signal is active, the excitation
inputs are gated directly to the output Q. Thus, any
change in the excitation input immediately causes a
change in the latch output.
 The problem is solved by using a special timing
control signal called a clock to restrict the times at
which the states of the memory elements may
change.
 This leads us to the edge-triggered memory
elements called flip-flops.

CS1104-11 Gated D Latch 16

Edge-Triggered Flip-flops
 Flip-flops: synchronous bistable devices
 Output changes state at a specified point on a
triggering input called the clock.
 Change state either at the positive edge (rising
edge) or at the negative edge (falling edge) of the
clock signal.

Clock signal

Positive edges Negative edges

CS1104-11 Edge-Triggered Flip-flops 17

Edge-Triggered Flip-flops
 S-R, D and J-K edge-triggered flip-flops. Note the “>”
symbol at the clock input.

S Q D Q J Q
C C C
R Q' Q' K Q'

Positive edge-triggered flip-flops

S Q D Q J Q
C C C
R Q' Q' K Q'

Negative edge-triggered flip-flops

CS1104-11 Edge-Triggered Flip-flops 18

S-R Flip-flop
 S-R flip-flop: on the triggering edge of the clock pulse,
 S=HIGH (and R=LOW) a SET state
 R=HIGH (and S=LOW) a RESET state
 both inputs LOW a no change
 both inputs HIGH a invalid
 Characteristic table of positive edge-triggered S-R
flip-flop:
S R CLK Q(t+1) Comments
0 0 X Q(t) No change
0 1  0 Reset
1 0  1 Set
1 1  ? Invalid

X = irrelevant (“don’t care”)

 = clock transition LOW to HIGH

CS1104-11 SR Flip-flop 19
S-R Flip-flop
 It comprises 3 parts:
 a basic NAND latch
 a pulse-steering circuit
 a pulse transition detector (or edge detector) circuit

 The pulse transition detector detects a rising (or

falling) edge and produces a very short-duration
spike.

CS1104-11 SR Flip-flop 20
S-R Flip-flop
The pulse transition detector.
S
Q
Pulse
CLK transition
detector
Q'
R

CLK' CLK'
CLK CLK* CLK CLK*

CLK CLK

CLK' CLK'

CLK* CLK*

Positive-going transition Negative-going transition

(rising edge) (falling edge)
CS1104-11 SR Flip-flop 21
D Flip-flop
 D flip-flop: single input D (data)
 D=HIGH a SET state
 D=LOW a RESET state

 Q follows D at the clock edge.

 Convert S-R flip-flop into a D flip-flop: add an inverter.

D S D CLK Q(t+1) Comments

Q
C
1  1 Set
CLK
0  0 Reset
R Q'
 = clock transition LOW to HIGH
A positive edge-triggered D flip-
flop formed with an S-R flip-flop.

CS1104-11 D Flip-flop 22
D Flip-flop
 Application: Parallel data transfer.
To transfer logic-circuit outputs X, Y, Z to flip-flops Q1,
Q2 and Q3 for storage.
D Q Q1 = X*

CLK
Q'
X
Combinational Y D Q Q2 = Y*
logic circuit
Z CLK
Q'

D Q Q3 = Z*
Transfer CLK
Q'

* After occurrence of negative-going transition

CS1104-11 D Flip-flop 23
J-K Flip-flop
 J-K flip-flop: Q and Q' are fed back to the pulse-
steering NAND gates.
 No invalid state.
 Include a toggle state.
 J=HIGH (and K=LOW) a SET state
 K=HIGH (and J=LOW) a RESET state
 both inputs LOW a no change
 both inputs HIGH a toggle

CS1104-11 J-K Flip-Ffop 24

J-K Flip-flop
 J-K flip-flop.
J
Q
Pulse
CLK transition
detector
Q'
K

 Characteristic table. Q J K Q(t+1)

J K CLK Q(t+1) Comments 0 0 0 0
0 0  Q(t) No change 0 0 1 0
0 1  0 Reset 0 1 0 1
1 0  1 Set 0 1 1 1
1 1  Q(t)' Toggle 1 0 0 1
1 0 1 0
Q(t+1) = J.Q' + K'.Q 1 1 0 1
1 1 1 0

CS1104-11 J-K Flip-flop 25

T Flip-flop
 T flip-flop: single-input version of the J-K flip flop,
formed by tying both inputs together.
T
Q T J
Pulse Q
CLK transition CLK C
detector
Q' K Q'

 Characteristic table.
T CLK Q(t+1) Comments Q T Q(t+1)
0  Q(t) No change 0 0 0
1  Q(t)' Toggle 0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
Q(t+1) = T.Q' + T'.Q

CS1104-11 T Flip-flop 26
T Flip-flop
 Application: Frequency division.
High High High

J J QA J QB
Q
CLK C CLK C C

K K K

CLK CLK

Q QA

QB

Divide clock frequency by 2. Divide clock frequency by 4.

 Application: Counter (to be covered in Lecture 13.)

CS1104-11 T Flip-flop 27
Asynchronous Inputs
 S-R, D and J-K inputs are synchronous inputs, as
data on these inputs are transferred to the flip-flop’s
output only on the triggered edge of the clock pulse.
 Asynchronous inputs affect the state of the flip-flop
independent of the clock; example: preset (PRE) and
clear (CLR) [or direct set (SD) and direct reset (RD)]
 When PRE=HIGH, Q is immediately set to HIGH.
 When CLR=HIGH, Q is immediately cleared to LOW.
 Flip-flop in normal operation mode when both PRE
and CLR are LOW.

CS1104-11 Asynchronous Inputs 28

Asynchronous Inputs
 A J-K flip-flop with active-LOW preset and clear inputs.
PRE PRE

J
Q
J Q Pulse
C transition
CLK
detector
K Q' Q'
K

CLR CLR

CLK

PRE

CLR
Q
J = K = HIGH Preset Toggle Clear

CS1104-11 Asynchronous Inputs 29

End of segment