FOURIER SERIES’

AND

‘ITS APPLICATION’
z
GROUP MEMBERS: CLASS CODE:
M.Hakim raza (CU-592-2017)
Safeer Zahid (CU-591-2017)
Waqar khan (CU-594-2017)
Khawaja M.ali (CU-595-2017)
FOURIER SERIES

FOURIER SERIES, which is an infinite series representation

of such functions in terms of ‘sine’ and ‘cosine’ terms, is
useful here.
Thus, FOURIER SERIES, are in certain sense, more UNIVERSAL
than TAYLOR’s SERIES as it applies to all continuous,
periodic functions and also to the functions which are
discontinuous in their values and derivatives. FOURIER
SERIES a very powerful method to solve ordinary and
partial differential equation, particularly with periodic
functions appearing as non-homogenous terms.
 CONTENTS:
z
Fourier series
Application of Fourier series
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FOURIER SERIES can be generally written
as,

Where,

Fourier series make use of the orthogonality

relationships of the sine and cosine functions.
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BASIS FORMULAE OF FOURIER

SERIES
The Fourier series of a periodic function ƒ(x) with
period 2п is defined as the trigonometric series with
the coefficient a0, an and bn, known as FOURIER
COEFFICIENTS, determined by formulae (1.1), (1.2)
and (1.3).

The individual terms in Fourier Series are known as

HARMONICS.

Every function ƒ(x) of period 2п satisfying following

conditions known as DIRICHLET’S CONDITIONS, can
be expressed in the form of Fourier series.
 F o u r i e r se r i e s f o r EVEN and ODD
functions

EVEN FUNCTIONS

If function ƒ(x) is an even periodic function with the period

2L (–L ≤ x ≤ L), then ƒ(x)cos(nпx/L) is even while
ƒ(x)sin(nпx/L) is odd.
Thus the Fourier series expansion of an even
periodic function ƒ(x) with period 2L (–L ≤ x ≤ L) is given

by,
a0 n co s
nx
f ( x )  2  n 1
L
a L
a0  2
L  0
f ( x)dx

L
n  1,2,
f (x) cos L dx
2 L n x
a n
0

bn  0
 ODD FUNCTIONS

If function ƒ(x) is an even periodic function with the period

2L (–L ≤ x ≤ L), then ƒ(x)cos(nпx/L) is even while ƒ(x)sin(nпx/L)
is odd.

Thus the Fourier series expansion of an odd periodic

function ƒ(x) with period 2L (–L ≤ x ≤ L) is given by,


bn
f (x)  
n 1 nx
L
sin( )
Where,
bn  L
2 
0
L nx
f (x) sin L dx
n  1,2,
 Ex ampl es..
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Question.: Find the fourier series of f(x) = x2+x ,

- ≤ x ≤.

Solution.: The fourier series of ƒ(x) is given by,

Using above,

a0  1
  
f (x)dx

1 

  
(x2  x)dx


1  x 3  x 2 
 
  3 2 

  2   3   2   2
1   3  3

 a0
   2
  3 3 2  3

Now
,


an  
1   f (x)

cosnxdx
1 
   x)
2
(x
 cosnxdx
 

1
 sin nx   cosnx   sin nx
 (x 2  x) n   (2x  
  (2) 
  
n 2

 n 3
  
1)
cosn  cosn   
 (2 1)
1
 (2  1)
 2
n 2
n
 (1) n (1)n  
 (2
(2 1)
 n2 1) n2 
1 n
4(1)


2
Now 
, bn  
1   f (x) sin

nxdx


1 
 (x 2
 x) sin
nxdx
1   cosnx   sin nx 
 cosnx  
  (x 2  x)  n   (2x 1)   (2) 
  n 2
n 3  

n
1  ( 2   ) (1 n ( 2 
   (1) 
 
 n ) n 
)
    2

 n   2
(1) n

 
2(1)n
 n
Hence fourier series of, f(x) = x2+x,

2(1) 
x  x 
2
2
 4(1)n cosnx
  n2 n
sin nx
n1   
3 n
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APPLICATION
S OF
FOURIER
SERIES
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Consider a mass-spring system as before, where we
have a mass m on a spring with spring
constant k, with damping c, and a force F(t)
applied to the

mass.
Suppose the forcing function F(t) is 2L-periodic for some
L > 0.

mx”(t) + cx’(t) + kx(t) = F(t)

The equation that
The general solution consists of the
governs this
complementary particular
solution xc, which solves
setup is
the associated
homogeneous equation mx” + cx’ + kx = 0, and a particular
solution of (1) we call xp.
For c > 0,
the complementary solution xc will decay as time goes by.
Therefore, we are mostly interested in a
particular solution xp that does not decay and is periodic
with the same period as F(t). We call this
particular solution the steady periodic solution and we
write it as xsp as before. What will be new in
this section is that we consider an arbitrary forcing
function F(t) instead of a simple cosine.
For simplicity, let us suppose that c = 0. The problem
with c >
0 is very similar. The equation

mx” +
kx = 0 has the general
solution,

x(t) = A
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Any
The steady periodic solution
solution to mx”(t)
xsp has + kx(t)
the same period=as
F(t) is of
F(t).
the form
In the spirit of the last section and the idea
A cos( ωt) of
+ undetermined
B sin(ωt) + xsp.
coecients we first write,

Then we write a proposed steady periodic

solution x as,

where an and bn are unknowns. We plug x into the

deferential equation and solve for an and bn in terms of
cn and dn.
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Let us first study the heat equation. Suppose that we have

a wire
(or a thin metal rod) of length L that is insulated except at
the endpoints. Let “x” denote the position along the wire
and let “t” denote time. See Figure,
 Let u(x; t) denote the temperature at point x
z
at time t. The equation governing this setup is
the so-called one-dimensional heat equation:

Where Q x
k
, At T
where k > 0 is a constant (the thermal conductivity
of the material). That is, the change in heat at a
specific point is proportional to the second derivative of the
heat along the wire. This makes sense; if at a fixed t the
graph of the heat distribution has a maximum (the graph is
concave down),
then heat flows away from the maximum. And vice-versa.
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We will generally use a more convenient notation
for partial derivatives. We will write ut instead of
δ u/δ t , and we will write uxx instead of δ2u/δx2 With this
notation the heat equation becomes,
ut = k.uxx

For the heat equation, we must also have some boundary

conditions. We assume that the ends of the wire are
either exposed and touching some body of constant
heat, or the ends are insulated. For example, if the ends
of the wire are kept at temperature 0, then we must
have the conditions.
u(0; t) = 0 and u(X; t) =
0
 Application of Fourier series related to
CSE - Computer Science
1) MP3 Encoding/ Sound Processing:
Fourier series is used in MP3 coding to
simplify the MP3 formats file. To
compress mp3 .

2) Transmissions and processing signals:

z series is used in computer science in
Fourier
transmission and processing of digital signals.
Suppose a digital signal may have a frequency of
200Hz. However its rise and fall rates are very
much faster than would be expected at 200Hz
sine web format. That's best faster transmission
and processing can be got from Fourier series
3) Time Domain conversion:
Fourier series can transform time
domain into frequency domain. And this
domain is used as a mathematical tool
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to analyze the signals in that computer
uses.
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