CHAPTER # 1

DIGITAL SYSTEMS
AND
BINARY NUMBERS

Lecturer: Noman Al Hassan

Email: [email protected]
 Objective of Lecture
After studing this chapter, you should be able to know
• Analog and Digital Systems.
• Logic Levels.
 TTL.
 CMOS.
• Numbering Systems (Conversion examples).
– Decimal System.
– Binary System.
– Octal System.
– Hexadecimal System.
• Number Base Conversions.
• Comparison.
• Applications.

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 Objective of Lecture
After studing this chapter, you should be able to know
• Arithmetic Operations.
 Binary.
 Octal.
 Hex.
• Complements.(Radix complement and Diminished radix complement)
 1’s Complements.
 2’s Complements.
 9’s Complements.
 10’s Complements.
• Signed and Unsigned binary numbers.
• Binary Coded Decimal.
• Error Detection.
– Gray Code.
– ASCII Code.

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 Analog & Digital Systems
• Analogue systems with a continuously variable signal.
• Digital systems represent information using a
binary system, where data can assume one of only two
possible values: zero or one.

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 Logic Levels
• A logic level is one of several states that a digital signal can
possess. Usually, the term refers to binary logic in which two
levels exist:
– logic 1 (also called the high state)
– logic 0 (also called the low state).

Transistor-transistor logic Complementary metal oxide semiconductor

(TTL) (CMOS)
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 Numbering Systems

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 Decimal Number System
• Base = 10
• 10 digits { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 }
• Digit Position
• Integer
• Digit Weight
• Weight = (Base) Position
• Magnitude
• Sum of “Digit x Weight”
• Formal Notation

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 Binary Number System
• In our Daily life we use decimal system but computer can only understand
binary numbering system.
• Computer represent all kind of data and information in binary numbers.
• Base = 2
• 2 digits { 0, 1 }, called binary digits or “bits”
• Weights
• Weight = (Base) Position
• Magnitude
• Sum of “Bit x Weight”
• Formal Notation
• Groups of bits

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Binary Number System Conversion
Example: (11011001)2

Decimal (integer) to Binary

Binary to Decimal

Decimal (fraction) to Binary

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 Octal Number System
• Base = 8
• 8 digits { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 }
• Weights
• Weight = (Base) Position
• Magnitude
• Sum of “Digit x Weight”
• Formal Notation

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 Octal Number System Conversion
Decimal (integer) to Octal

Decimal (fraction) to Octal

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 Hexadecimal Number System
• Base = 16
• 16 digits { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F }
• Weights
• Weight = (Base) Position
• Magnitude
• Sum of “Digit x Weight”
• Formal Notation

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Hexadecimal Number System Conversion
Example 1: Example 2: Example 3:

Decimal (integer) to Hex Decimal (fraction) to Hex Hex to Decimal

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 Number Base Conversions

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 Binary − Octal Conversion
• 8 = 23
• Each group of 3 bits represents an octal digit.

Works both ways (Binary to Octal & Octal to Binary)

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 Binary − Hexadecimal Conversion
• 16 = 24
• Each group of 4 bits represents a hexadecimal digit.

Works both ways (Binary to Hex & Hex to Binary)

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 Octal − Hexadecimal Conversion
• Convert to Binary as an intermediate step

Example:

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Works both waysDigital
(Octal to Hex & Hex to Octal)
Systems and Binary Numbers 17
 Comparison

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 Applications

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 Binary Addition/Subtraction
• Example: Addition

• Example: Subtraction
Borrow a “Base” when needed

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 Octal Addition/Subtraction
• Example: Addition

• Example: Subtraction

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 Hex Addition/Subtraction
• Example: Addition

• Example: Subtraction

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 Complements
• Complements are used in digital computers to simplify
the subtraction operation and for logical manipulation.
Simplifying operations leads to simpler, less expensive
circuits to implement the operations.
• There are two types of complements for each base‐r
system:
1. Radix complement.
» The r’s complement.
» Types are referred to as the 2’s complement for binary
numbers and the 10’s complement for decimal numbers.
2. Diminished radix complement.
» The (r - 1)’s complement.
» Types are referred to as the 1’s complement for binary
numbers and the 9’s complement for decimal numbers.

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 Radix Complement
• The r’s complement

• Example: 10’s complement

• The 10’s complement of the first number is obtained by subtracting 8 from 10 in
the least significant position and subtracting all other digits from 9

• The 10's complement of 012398 is 987602

• The 10's complement of 246700 is 753300

• Example: 2’s complement

• The 2’s complement of the first number is obtained by leaving the two least
significant 0’s and the first 1 unchanged and then replacing 1’s with 0’s and
0’s with 1’s

• The 2's complement of 1101100 is 0010100

• The 2's complement of 0110111 is 1001001

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 Diminished Radix Complement
• Diminished Radix Complement (r-1)’s Complement

• Example: 9’s complement

• It is obtained by subtracting each digit from 9.
• 9’s complement of 546700 is 999999–546700 = 453299

• Example: 1’s complement

• All ‘0’s become ‘1’s and ‘1’s become ‘0’s
• 1’s complement of 1011000 is 1111111–1011000 = 0100111

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 Complements
• Example:
– Using 10's complement, subtract 72532 – 3250.

• Example:
– Using 10's complement, subtract 3250 – 72532.
There is no end carry.

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– (10's complement of 30718) =  69282.
Therefore, the answer isCompliments 26
Binary Subtraction using 2’s complement
• Convert number to be subtracted to it’s 2’s complement form.

• Perform the addition.

• If the final carry is generated , then the result is positive and in

true form.

• If the final carry is zero, result obtained is negative and in 2’s

complement form.

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 Complements
• Example:
– Given the two binary numbers X = 1010100 and Y = 1000011,
perform the subtraction (a) X – Y ; and (b) Y  X, by using 2's
complement.

There is no end carry.

Therefore, the answer is
Y – X =  (2's complement
of 1101111) =  0010001.

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Binary Subtraction using 1’s complement
• Convert number to be subtracted to it’s 1’s complement form.

• Perform the addition.

• If the final carry is 1, then add it to the result obtained in step

2.

• If the final carry is zero, result obtained in step 2 is negative and

in the 1’s complement form.

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 Complements
• Subtraction of unsigned numbers can also be done by means of the (r  1)'s
complement. Remember that the (r  1) 's complement is one less then the
r's complement.
• Example:
– Repeat Example 1.7, but this time using 1's complement.

There is no end carry,

Therefore, the answer is Y – X
=  (1's complement of
1101110) =  0010001.
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 Signed and Unsigned Binary Numbers
• To represent negative integers, we need a notation for
negative values.
• It is customary to represent the sign with a bit placed
in the leftmost position of the number since binary
digits.
• The convention is to make the sign bit 0 for positive
and 1 for negative.
• Example:

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 Signed and Unsigned Binary Numbers

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 Binary Coded Decimal
• BCD Code
• A number with k decimal digits
will require 4k bits in BCD.
• Decimal 396 is represented in
BCD with 12bits as 0011 1001
0110, with each group of 4 bits
representing one decimal digit.
• A decimal number in BCD is
the same as its equivalent
binary number only when the
number is between 0 and 9.
• The binary combinations 1010
through 1111 are not used and
have no meaning in BCD.
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BCD
• Example:
– Consider decimal 185 and its corresponding
value in BCD and binary:

• BCD addition

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BCD
• Example:
– Consider the addition of 184 + 576 = 760 in BCD:

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 Other Decimal Codes

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 ASCII
American Standard Code for Information Interchange.

• The pa rity bit is he lpful in detecting error s durin g the transmission of information

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 THANKS

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