Scribd
Upload
47 views

Memory: Ayesha Shahid Sheikh

This document provides an overview of memory and how it works. It discusses the three main stages of memory formation: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. Information is encoded from sensory memories into short-term memory through rehearsal and can be transferred to long-term memory for longer term storage. There are different types of long-term memory including declarative and procedural memory. Memory can be improved by distributing learning over time rather than cramming. Various disorders that impact memory are also outlined such as amnesia, dementia, and the effects of alcohol on memory.

Uploaded by

Ayza Hamid
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
47 views

Memory: Ayesha Shahid Sheikh

This document provides an overview of memory and how it works. It discusses the three main stages of memory formation: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. Information is encoded from sensory memories into short-term memory through rehearsal and can be transferred to long-term memory for longer term storage. There are different types of long-term memory including declarative and procedural memory. Memory can be improved by distributing learning over time rather than cramming. Various disorders that impact memory are also outlined such as amnesia, dementia, and the effects of alcohol on memory.

Uploaded by

Ayza Hamid
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 29

Memory

COURSE INSTRUCTOR

AYESHA SHAHID SHEIKH


MS clinical psychology
Questions to Consider

 ABC…
 123…
 What is your address?
 What is your cell phone number?
 Who are these people?
Our minds are
magnificent
things!
Memory…

 Is the persistence of learning over time through


the storage and retrieval of information
How do we remember?

 Encoding

 Storage

 Retrieval
Information processing
Memory model !!
Sensory memory Info Lost

Rehearsal Short term Info Lost


Memory

Retrieval Long term Info Lost

Memory
Sensory Registers

 Sensory registers hold information about


a perceived stimulus for a fraction of a
second after the stimulus disappears,
allowing a mental representation of it to
remain in memory briefly for further
processing
Three stages to form
memories
1. We record to-be-remembered information as
sensory memories. 2 to 3 secs !

2.We process information into a short-term memory


bin, where we encode it through rehearsal
 short-term memory (STM), a
memory store that holds a small
amount of information in
consciousness—such as a phone
number—for roughly around 20
seconds
STM

 Short-term memory has limited capacity


 visual stimuli are more difficult to remember than
auditory stimuli
 mental repetition to maintain information in STM is
called maintenance rehearsal.
 Remembering the words to a poem,
for example, is much easier if the
person really understands what it is
about, rather than just committing
each word to memory by rote.
elaborative rehearsal.
Long term Memory

 Memory for facts, images, thoughts, feelings, skills,


and experiences that may last as long as a
lifetime
 longer information remains in STM, the more likely
it is to make a permanent impression in LTM.

 serial position effect: a tendency to


remember information toward the
beginning and end of a list rather
than in the middle
How is Computer’s memory
different from a human’s?
Types of Long Term
Memory
 declarative memory. Declarative memory is the
memory of factual information, general
knowledge, data, and events.
 Semantic memory contains general factual
information and knowledge related to your
world. It includes:
e.g. The meaning of the word 'memory' , The
concept of a book
 Episodic memory consists of our memories of personal
experiences and specific events that have happened
in the past
 E.g Remembering the last meal you had.
 Clothes you wore yesterday.
 procedural memory, also referred to as skill or
habit memory. People are often astonished to
find that even though they have not skated for 20
years, the skills are reactivated easily, almost as if
their use had never been interrupted.
Explicit and Implicit Memory
 Information that you have to consciously work to
remember is known as explicit memory
 When you are trying to intentionally remember
something (like a formula for your statistics class or
a list of dates for your history class), this
information is stored in your explicit memory
 tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
 information that you remember unconsciously
and effortlessly is known as implicit memory
 This kind of memory is both unconscious and
unintentional. This type of memory is also known
as non-declarative memory, since you are not
able to consciously bring it into awareness.
 Some examples of implicit memory include
singing a familiar song, typing on your computer
keyboard, daily habits, and driving a car
How much effort???
 To….
 Drive home
 Get dressed
 Put make up on
 Walk to your class
 Text message a friend
 Type an email
Examples of…

Automatic Processing
We automatically process info
about…
 Space
 You are taking a test… you recall that info at the
top of the first page in the chapter
 Time
 You re-trace your day… and remember that at
12:30 you got home and set your cell phone
down… now you can go and find it
 Frequency
 Wow, I have already ran into you three times today!
We remember info better
when…
 It is distributed over time
 Spacing effect – tendency for distributed study or
practice to yield better long-term retention than is
achieved through massed study or practice.
 Semester course vs. one month course
 Study a little each day

NO Cramming!
Check out this list….

dog
cat
horse
pig
cow
donkey
chicken
bull
kitten
calf
Non sense words

Tox
 Lop
 Kol
 Fab
 Duq
 Qip
 Voc
 Jeh
 Lir
 Div
What do you remember?

 First item?
 Last item?
 Middle items?

 Serial position effect


Disorders of Memory

 Age associated memory impairment is a


label for the general degradation of memory
which results from ageing. It is a natural
process, seen in humans, which often begins
in our 20s and tends to get noticeably worse
as we reach our 50s. While some specific
abilities do decline with age, though, overall
memory generally remains strong for most
people through their 70s.
 Causes: lower blood flow, shrinking of white
matter, less chemical activity in
neurotransmitters, environmental and lifestyle
factors
Neuron and Synapse
 Amnesia is the general term for a condition in
which memory is disturbed or lost, to a
greater extent than simple everyday
forgetting or absent-mindedness.
 Anterograde Amnesia(where the ability to memorize
new things is impaired or lost because data does not
transfer successfully from the conscious STM into
permanent LTM.
 Retrograde Amnesia. where a person's pre-existing
memories are lost to conscious recollection, beyond
an ordinary degree of forgetfulness, even though
they may be able to memorize new things that
occur after the onset of amnesia.
 Causes are trauma or injury, psychological trauma, mental
disorders , Mostly damage to hippocampus
 Dementia is a general term for a large
class of disorders characterized by the
progressive deterioration of thinking
ability and memory as the brain becomes
damaged. Essentially, when memory loss
is so severe that it interferes with normal
daily functioning, it is called dementia.
 In this problem the person can loose its
ability to speak, ability to move certain
body parts, unable to recognize known
people and objects. (Alzheimer's disease)
 Causes are psychological and
physiological both.
Alcohol and other drugs, the effects of
alcohol and other drugs on memory
and general cognitive functioning,
has been the subject of much
research over the years. Effects STM,
episodic and Semantic Memory.
 Alcohol acts as a general central
nervous system depressant, but it
affects some areas of the brain more
than others.
 significantly inhibits neuronal activity in
the hippocampus
There are many other ways
to remember information…
 Make it meaningful
 Visual encoding
 Acoustic encoding
 Mnemonic devices
 Chunking
 Hierarchies
The amount remembered depends
both on the time spent learning
and on our making it meaningful.

You might also like