FIRST QUARTER

Topics
1.An Introduction to Sets
a) Defining Sets
b) Ways of Writing Sets
c) Kinds of Sets
d) Notations and Symbols
2.Venn Diagrams and Set
Operations
a) Union of Sets
b) Intersection of Sets
c) Complement of Sets
d) Difference of Sets
e) Problems Involving Sets
3.Real Number System
a) History of Numbers
b) Properties of the Four
Operations
c) The Set of Whole Numbers
d) The Concept of Exponents
e) Order of Integers
4.Square Root
5.Significant Figures
6.Scientific Notation
Below are some objects.
Group them as you see fit and
label each group.
a. How many groups are there?
b. Does each object belong to a
group?
c. Is there an object that belongs to
more than one group? Which one?
Objective:
You will be able to describe
well-defined sets, subsets,
universal sets, the null set,
equal sets, equivalent sets,
finite sets, infinite sets, joint
sets, disjoint sets and
cardinality of sets.
An Introduction
to Sets
Set
A set is any well-
defined collection or
group of objects.
Example Given

 A set of pencils
A set of even numbers
A set of boys
A set of chairs
We name a set
using capital
letters except
letter U.
Elements
The members of
the set.
Types of Set
Subset
Are sets where the
elements are members
of the universal set.
 Example Given

F  apple, guava, banana, avocado, mango

•The Philippine
population is a subset
of the universal set of
human population.
Kinds of Sets
Null Set or Empty set

The symbol Ø or { } is
used to denote an empty
set.
The null set is a subset of
any set.
Example Given

K  x | x  3 and x  1
Infinite Set
A set that contains an
unlimited number of
elements.
The other elements
which cannot be listed is
denoted by ellipsis (...) .
Example Given

N  Odd numbers 
E  Even numbers
Finite Set
Whose elements can be
counted.
Example Given

V  a, e, i, o, u
F  , -, ,
Unit Set
Is a set having only
one element.
 Example Given

F  odd number greater than1but less than 5

Are sets with the same

F  1, 2, 3, 4, 5
T  5, 4, 3, 2, 1
Equivalent sets

Are sets with the same

A  1, 2, 3, 4, 5
B  6, 7, 8, 9, 10
Joint sets

•Are sets having

O  h, o, n, e, s, t, y
P  h, a, s, t, e
Disjoint sets
 Are sets that do not
have common elements.
Example Given

Q  d, o, g
R  c, a, t
Cardinality of Sets
If P is a set, then the
cardinal number of P
refers to the number of
elements of P, and is
denoted by n(P).
 Example Given

A  1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10
B  6, 7, 8, 9, 10
 Ways of
Writing Sets
Rule Method
Where all the elements
are clearly defined by
describing them that
one can tell which
objects belong or do not
belong in the set.
Rule Method
Also known as
descriptive method
Roster Form
The elements are
listed, separated by a
comma, and enclosed
in a pair of brackets { }.
Listing method
Set-builder Form
Set-builder notation
uses symbols in
describing the elements
in the set.
It is the most concise
method of naming a
 Set
Operations
Union of Sets
denoted by (  )
formed by combining
or putting together
all the elements in the
given set.
Intersection of Sets
denoted by (  )
by taking only the
common elements in
the given sets.
Complementation of Sets
The elements that are not found in the given
set but are pres
 Venn
Diagram
 VENN DIAGRAM
Illustrate relationships among
sets.
Invented by Rev. John Venn.
Makes uses of a rectangle
representing the U and circles
representing the subsets.
UNION OF SETS
AB
A B U
 A = {2, 4, 6, 8}
B = {1, 3, 5, 7}
C = {3, 6, 9}
Find the following:
a. A  B d. B  U
b. B  C e. A  (B  C)
c. A  A f. (A  B)C
UNION OF SETS
AB
A B U
Proper SubSet
A set A is a proper
subset of B if A  B and
A B.
Equality of Sets
Equality of Sets
Equality of Sets
Equality of Sets
Null Set
Empty set
The symbol Ø or { } is
used to denote an
empty set.
Null Set
Empty set
The symbol Ø or { } is
used to denote an
empty set.
Null Set
Empty set
The symbol Ø or { } is
used to denote an
empty set.
Null Set
Empty set
The symbol Ø or { } is
used to denote an
empty set.
Null Set
Empty set
The symbol Ø or { } is
used to denote an
empty set.
Null Set
Empty set
The symbol Ø or { } is
used to denote an
empty set.
History of Numbers
Numerals are written symbols
for numbers and were probably
developed first before the number
words. It is easier to engrave
marks than produce phrases to
identify a number.
History of Numbers
• Numeration system is a
logically structured collection of
numerals.
History of Numbers
1.Tally and Improved Tally
Numeration System
One of the earliest
systems of numeration.
It is difficult to use for
very large numbers.
History of Numbers
2. Egyptian Numeration
System
By 3400 B.C., the Egyptians
already had an advanced
system of numeration.
Hieroglyphics or picture
symbols.
History of Numbers
3. Babylonian Numeration
System
About 3000 B.C., the great
Babylonian civilization
flourished. This great
nation is known as Iraq.
Cuneiform characters
 History of Numbers
4. Greek Enumeration
Systems
They had two existing system
of enumeration; the Attic and
the Ionic numeration system.
Attic used only 6 symbols while
Ionic used 27 symbols.
History of Numbers
5. Chinese Numeration
Systems
There are three schemes of
notation in China; the
Stantard or Traditional, the
Official, and the Commercial
or Mercantile systems of
numeration.
Chinese sytems is base 10 or
decimal.
The numerals are written in
vertical colums with powers
of ten placed in descending
order from top to bottom.
Chinese numerals can also be
written in horizontal form.
Hsiao-Hsieh
• Small or common writing.
• the traditional or the
standard numerals.
• Used during the 3rd
century B.C.
Ta-Hsieh
• Great writings, is the
official numerals.
• Used during the 1st
century B.C.
Ma-Tzu or Ma Tzu
• The commercial numerals of
the Chinese, means the
confidential weight
numerals.
• Used by merchants or
businessmen.
• Used in the 16th century.
6. Arabic or Hindu-
Arabic Numeration
System
• It was developed in India by
the Hindus.
7. Roman Numeration
System