Single Row Functions
Character functions
UPPER(char)
LOWER(char)
INITCAP(char)
INSTR(char1,char2[,n[,m]])
LPAD(char1,n [,char2])
SUBSTR(char,n)
TRIM(char FROM char1)
LENGTH (char);
Character Functions
Function Result
UPPER(’cate’) CATE
LOWER(’CAte’) cate
INITCAP(’my name’) My Name
SUBSTR(‘String',1,3) Str
LENGTH('String') 6
INSTR('String', 'r') 3
LPAD(sal,10,'*') ******5000
TRIM('S' FROM 'SSMITH') MITH
Number Functions
ROUND(n[,m])
MOD(m,n)
TRUNC(n[,m])
SIGN(n)
etc.,
Function Result
ROUND(45.926,2) 45.93
TRUNC(45.926,2) 45.92
MOD(1600,300) 100
Number functions
Group value functions
SUM([DISTINCT|ALL] n)
AVG([DISTINCT|ALL] n)
COUNT({* | [DISTINCT|ALL] expr})
List value functions
GREATEST(expr [,expr] ...)
LEAST(expr [,expr] ...)
Date Functions
ADD_MONTHS(d,n)
LAST_DAY(d)
MONTHS_BETWEEN(d1,d2)
SYSDATE
Conversion functions
TO_CHAR(d [, fmt [, 'nlsparams'] ])
TO_CHAR(n [, fmt [, 'nlsparams'] ])
TO_DATE(char [, fmt [, 'nlsparams'] ])
NVL Function
Converts null to an actual value
Datatypes that can be used are date, character, and number.
Datatypes must match
NVL(comm,0)
NVL(hiredate,'01-JAN-97')
NVL(job,'No Job Yet')