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Lesson 2 Cultural Variations and Cultural Differences Socioeconomic Class

The document discusses the different socioeconomic classes that have existed in the Philippines over time, from the pre-colonial period consisting of Maharlika, Timawa, and Alipin classes, to the Spanish colonial period dividing people based on ancestry, to the modern era where social class is based mainly on family income and divided into high, middle, and low classes. Social mobility allows movement between classes through factors like education and marriage.

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Kath Tan Alcantara
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588 views32 pages

Lesson 2 Cultural Variations and Cultural Differences Socioeconomic Class

The document discusses the different socioeconomic classes that have existed in the Philippines over time, from the pre-colonial period consisting of Maharlika, Timawa, and Alipin classes, to the Spanish colonial period dividing people based on ancestry, to the modern era where social class is based mainly on family income and divided into high, middle, and low classes. Social mobility allows movement between classes through factors like education and marriage.

Uploaded by

Kath Tan Alcantara
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Cultural Variations and Cultural

Differences
(Socioeconomic Class)

Katherine Tan-Alcantara
Teacher III
Questions:
What are the different
socioeconomic classes in the
Philippines?
How did these socioeconomic
classes change through time?
Socioeconomic classes
Pre-Colonial Period
Spanish Colonial Period
Modern Socioeconomic
Classes
Socioeconomic class during
Pre-Colonial Period

Prior to the coming of the


Spaniards, the community
was called a barangay. It was
headed by a datu or rajah.
Socioeconomic class during
Pre-Colonial Period

Our ancestors were divided


into three different groups:
maharlika, timawa,
and alipin.
Maharlika (Leaders and Royals)
first social class
composed of community leaders
(datu) and their families
also called the group of
the maginoo, raha, or gat
Timawa (Freemen)
second or “middle” social class
composed of all freemen living in the barangay
consisted of workers, warriors, merchants, and
others who were not under debt bondage
had their own properties such as houses and
pieces of land to cultivate
Alipin (Slaves)
third class
served another person or family as
payment for debt
became slaves when their families lost to
a war with another
Alipin (Slaves)
were not bound to their masters for
life
could go back to their previous status
as soon as they pay off their debts, or
if they marry a maharlika, who will
then pay for their debt
Two Kinds of Alipin

aliping
saguiguilid and aliping
namamahay
Aliping Namamahay
had their own properties such as houses or
pieces of land
often from the timawa class and became
slaves because of debt or as punishment for a
wrongdoing
could go back to being part of
the timawa class once they pay off their debt
Aliping saguiguilid
did not have the right to own any
property
often came from a family of slaves or
were captives in war
could also be sold or exchanged for
goods or other slaves
Socioeconomic Classes during
the Spanish Colonial Period

Upon the coming of the Spaniards, Philippine


society changed and a new set of
socioeconomic classes was created. During
this period, the people were divided based
on their ancestry—
peninsulares, insulares, mestizo, and indio.
Peninsulares
Spaniards in the Philippines who
were born in Spain
came from the word “peninsula,”
which was in direct reference to the
Spanish peninsula
Insulares
Spaniards who were of Spanish
descent but were born in the
Philippines
came from the word “insular,” which
means "from the islands"
Mestizos
those of mixed ancestry
usually children of Spanish and Chinese
couples or of Spanish and indio couples
had economic and political power
because of their mixed heritage
Indios
consisted of the natives
the lowest class in society
were stripped of their rights and
freedom
were forced to bow down to Spanish
colonizers
Socioeconomic System
This kind of system lasted for hundreds of
years, until the time when
some insulares and mestizos were able to
gain some form of power. In the 19th
century, the so-called “middle class”
emerged—the principalia and
the ilustrados.
Principalia
consisted of native leaders in the
government and their families
were often educated and served
as gobernadorcillo (town mayor)
or cabeza de
barangay (barangay leader)
Ilustrados
the children of the principalia who
usually studied in Europe
consisted mostly of the popular
artists and scholars of the period,
including Jose Rizal
Ilustrados
the children of the principalia who
usually studied in Europe
consisted mostly of the popular artists
and scholars of the period, including
Jose Rizal
Modern Socioeconomic Classes

Socioeconomic classes changed when


the Philippines gained independence
from Spain.
The Americans introduced democracy
and did not impose any form of
socioeconomic class in the country.
Modern Socioeconomic Classes

At present, a person’s


position in society is based
mainly on his or her family’s
economic status.
Modern Socioeconomic Classes

In 1987, the National Statistical


Coordination Board
(NSCB) divided the population
into high-income, middle-
income, and low-income classes.
Social Stratification
Social stratification or the division
of society based on occupation,
income, wealth, or power is
simpler at present than in the
past.
High-income Class
people earning an average of
PhP 200,000 per month
the “rich” class that accounts for
merely one percent of the
country’s total population
Middle-income Class
people earning an average
of PhP 36,000 per month
consists of professionals and
small-scale entrepreneurs
Low-income Class
people earning less than
PhP 10,000 per month
consists of laborers and
minimum wage earners
Social Mobility

Unlike in other societies where persons


born into a specific class have no choice
but to die as part of the same class,
people in the Philippines usually have the
opportunity to transfer from a lower
socioeconomic class to a higher one.
Social Mobility
the movement of people or families
within or between different levels in
society, and
the opportunity to transfer from a lower
socioeconomic class to a higher one
possibly through education or marriage.
Tips
Knowing about one’s socioeconomic class is
not a cause for discrimination. Everyone in
the Philippines has the same set of rights
regardless of socioeconomic class.
If one can move from a lower
socioeconomic class to a higher one, it is
also possible for the opposite to occur.
Activity:

In which socioeconomic class does


your family belong? What can you
do to help your family climb up the
modern socioeconomic ladder?

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