POWER ELECTRONICS

DC-DC CONVERTERS
(CHOPPERS)
PART 2

ILI SALWANI MOHAMAD

EMT 369
 Content

 Content
 Switch-mode Power Supply
(SMPS)
 Transformer Models

 Types of SMPS:

 Flyback Converter

 Full-bridge Converter

 Half-bridge Converter

 Questions/Discussions
 (provided in separate sheet)

SOURCES: “Power Electronics”, Daniel W. Hart, Mc-Graw Hill,

“Power Electronics & Drives”, Lecture Notes, Dr. Zainal Salam, UTM
Switch-mode Power Supply

 Advantages over linear power

 Efficient
(70-95%)
 Weight and size reduction

 Disadvantages
 Complex design
 Electromagnetic interference (EMI)
problems
 However above certain ratings, SMPS
is the only feasible choice
 Types of SMPS
 Flyback
 Forward
 Push-pull
 Bridge (half and full)
Switch-mode Power Supply

 Block diagrams

Basic Block diagram of linear power supply

Basic Block diagram of SMPS

Switch-mode Power Supply

Isolated topologies
 All isolated topologies include a
transformer, and thus can produce an
output of higher or lower voltage than
the input by adjusting the turns ratio.
 For some topologies, multiple
windings can be placed on the
transformer to produce multiple
output voltages.
 Some converters use the transformer
for energy storage, while others use a
separate inductor.
 Switch-mode Power Supply

 Isolated types
Input
Power Typical Relative
Type range Energy storage Features
[W] efficiency cost
[V]
Isolated form of the
Flyback 0–250 78% 1.0 5–600 Transformer buck-boost
converter.1
Ringing
Low-cost self-
choke
0–150 78% 1.0 5–600 Transformer oscillating flyback
converter
variant.[10]
(RCC)
Half-forward 0–250 75% 1.2 5–500 Inductor
100- 60– Isolated form of
Forward2 78% Inductor
200 200 buck converter
Single rail input,
Resonant 60– Inductor and unregulated output,
0–60 87% 1.0
forward 400 capacitor high efficiency, low
EMI.[11]
100– 50–
Push-pull 72% 1.75 Inductor
1,000 1,000
0– 50–
Half-bridge 72% 1.9 Inductor
2,000 1,000
Very efficient use of
400– 50–
Full-bridge 69% >2.0 Inductor transformer, used for
5,000 1,000
highest powers.
Resonant,
zero voltage >1,000 >2.0
switched
Two capacitors
Isolated Ćuk and two
inductors
Source: Wikipedia
Once again…
Transformer Models

 2 basic functions:
 I/O electrical isolation
 Step-up/step-down time varying voltages &
currents
 I/O relationship of idealized model:

 Models:

Ideal model

Model used in most

PE circuits
 Transformer Models

(a) Transformer (b) Ideal Model

(c) Complete model (d) Most used for power electronics circuits
Flyback Converter

 Flyback converter is a buck-boost

converter with the inductor split to form a
transformer  voltage ratio are multiplied
with additional advantage of isolation

Circuit

Equivalent circuit includes magnetizing inductance

Flyback Converter

Switch closed

Switch open
 Assumption for the analysis

 The output capacitor is very large->?

 The switch and diode are ideal
 The circuit is operating in the steady state
 Duty ratio is D, being closed for time DT,
And open for (1-D)T
Flyback Converter

Magnetizing
inductance
current

Source current

Diode current

Capacitor
current

Transformer
primary
voltage
Flyback Converter

 Switch closed

di Lm
v1  Vs  L m
dt

di Lm i Lm i Lm Vs
  
dt t DT L m

Vs DT
 i Lm closed 
Lm
Flyback Converter

 Switch open

v 2   Vo
N   N1 
v1  v 2  1   Vo 
 N2
  2
N
di Lm  N1 
Lm  v1   Vo  
dt  2
N
di Lm i Lm i Lm Vo  N1 
    
dt t 1  D  T L m  2
N
 Vo 1  D  T  N1 
 i Lm open   
Lm  2
N
Flyback Converter

 Steady-state Operation
 i Lm closed   i Lm open  0

Vs DT Vo 1  D  T  N1 
  0
Lm Lm  N2 

 D   N2 
Vo  Vs    
 1  D   N1 
 Note:
 I/O relationship is similar to buck-boost
converter, with the present of
transformer ratio
 Output depends to value of D (greater
or less than input)
Flyback Converter

 Average Inductor Current

Flyback Converter

 Min & Max Inductor Current

 For continuous operation, ILm, min = 0

Flyback Converter

 Output Voltage Ripple

 Same as buck-boost converter

Vo D

Vo RCf

 Equivalent series resistance

N1
Vo ,ESR = iC rC = I Lm ,max rC
N2
 Example

Solution
Full-bridge Converter

Circuit

 D – duty ratio of each switch pair

Full-bridge Converter

Operation
 Switch “pair”: [S1 & S2]; [S3 & S4]
 Each switch pair turn on at a time as shown.
The other pair is off.
 When [S1 & S2] is closed – voltage across
transformer primary is Vs
 When [S3 & S4] is closed – voltage across
transformer primary is -Vs
 “AC voltage” is developed across the
primary. Then transferred to secondary via
high frequency transformers.
 On secondary side, diode pair is “high
frequency full wave rectification”.
 The choke (L) and (C) acts like the “buck
converter” circuit.
Full-bridge Converter

 Waveforms

Switching
sequence

Voltage on
transformer
primary

Voltage vx
Half-bridge Converter

 Ns 
Vo  Vs  D
 Np 
 
Half-bridge Converter

 Waveforms

Switching
sequence

Voltage on
transformer
primary

Voltage vx
Questions/Discussions

 Flyback Converter
 The flyback converter has the following
parameters: Vs = 36 V, D = 0.4, N1/N2 = 2,
R = 20 Ω, Lm = 100 μH, C = 50 μF, and the
switching frequency is 100 kHz. Determine:
 the output voltage
 the maximum and minimum inductor current
 the output voltage ripple

 A flyback converter has an input of 44 V, an

output of 3 V, a duty ratio of 0.32, and a
switching frequency of 300 kHz. The load
resistor is 1 Ω. Determine:
 the transformer turns ratio
 the transformer magnetizing inductance Lm
such the minimum inductor current is 40% of
the average.
 Buck example 1
 A buck converter is supplied from a 50V battery source.
Given L=400uH, C=100uF, R=20 Ohm, f=20KHz and
D=0.4. Calculate: (a) output voltage (b) output voltage ripple.
Buck Example 2
 Boost Example 1
 The boost converter of Fig. 6-8 has
parameter Vs=20 V, D = 0.6, R =12.5Ω
L = 10 μH, C = 40 μF, and the switching frequency is 200 k
(a) Determinethe output voltage.
(b) Determine the average, maximum, and minimum inductor cu
(c) Determine the output voltage ripple.
(d) Determine the average
current in the diode.

Assume ideal components.

 Boost Example 2
 A boost converter has an input of 5V and an output of
25W at 15V. The minimum inductor current must be not
less than 50% of the average. The output voltage
Ripple must be less than 1%. The switching frequency is
300 kHz. Determine the duty cycle ratio, min inductor value,
And minimum capacitor value.
Example Buck-Boost 1
 Buck-boost has these parameters:

Determine :
i. Output Voltage = -16V
ii. Inductor current average = 5.33A, 4.8A
iii. Inductor current = 7.33A, 2.93A
maximum and minimum values
iv. Output voltage ripple = 1%