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Introduction To Wavelets - : Wavelets Seminar With DR' Hagit Hal-Or

This document provides an introduction to wavelet analysis of 1D and 2D signals. It discusses the wavelet transform and continuous wavelet transform for 1D signals. For 2D signals, it describes the wavelet pyramid and provides examples of wavelet decomposition. The document compares wavelet analysis to short-time Fourier analysis and discusses how wavelets allow for local time-frequency analysis of signals and images.

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Neeraj Nainwal
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48 views

Introduction To Wavelets - : Wavelets Seminar With DR' Hagit Hal-Or

This document provides an introduction to wavelet analysis of 1D and 2D signals. It discusses the wavelet transform and continuous wavelet transform for 1D signals. For 2D signals, it describes the wavelet pyramid and provides examples of wavelet decomposition. The document compares wavelet analysis to short-time Fourier analysis and discusses how wavelets allow for local time-frequency analysis of signals and images.

Uploaded by

Neeraj Nainwal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to Wavelets -

part 2
By Barak Hurwitz

Wavelets seminar
with Dr’ Hagit Hal-or
List of topics
• Reminder
• 1D signals
– Wavelet Transform
– CWT,DWT
– Wavelet Decomposition
– Wavelet Analysis
• 2D signals
– Wavelet Pyramid
– some Examples
Reminder – from last week
• Why transform?
• Why wavelets?
• Wavelets like basis components.
• Wavelets examples.
• Wavelets advantages.
• Continuous Wavelet Transform.
Reminder -Why transform?
Reminder –
Noise in Fourier spectrum

Noise
1D SIGNAL

Coefficient * sinusoid of appropriate


frequency
The original signal
Wavelet Properties

 Short time localized waves


 0 integral value.
 Possibility of time shifting.
 Flexibility.
Wavelets families
Wavelet Transform

Coefficient * appropriately scaled and


shifted wavelet

The original signal


CWT
Step 1
Step 2

Step 3

Step 4

Step 5 Repeat steps 1-4 for all scales


Example –
A simulated lunar landscape
CWT of the “Lunar landscape”

1/46

scale
time
mother
Scale and Frequency
• Higher scale correspond to the most
“stretched” wavelet.

• The more stretched the wavelet –


the coarser the signal features being
measured by the wavelet coefficient.

Low scale High scale


Scale and Frequency (Cont’d)

• Low scale a : Compressed wavelet :Fine


details (rapidly changing) : High frequency

• High scale a : Stretched wavelet: Coarse


details (Slowly changing): Low frequency
Shift Smoothly over the
analyzed function
The DWT

• Calculating the wavelets coefficients at


every possible scale is too much work
• It also generates a very large amount of
data
Solution: choose only a subset of scales and
positions, based on power of two (dyadic choice)
Approximations and
Details:
• Approximations: High-scale, low-
frequency components of the signal
• Details: low-scale, high-frequency
components
LPF

Input Signal
HPF
Decimation
• The former process produces twice the data
• To correct this, we Down sample (or: Decimate)
the filter output by two.

A complete one stage block :


LPF A*

Input
Signal HPF D*
Multi-level Decomposition
• Iterating the decomposition process,
breaks the input signal into many lower-
resolution components: Wavelet
decomposition tree:
high pass filter
Low pass filter
Wavelet reconstruction
• Reconstruction (or synthesis) is the
process in which we assemble all
components back
Up sampling
(or interpolation) is
done by zero
inserting between
every two
coefficients
Example*:

* Wavelet used: db2


What was wrong with
Fourier?

• We loose the time


information
Short Time Fourier Analysis
• STFT - Based on the FT and using
windowing :
STFT
• between time-based and frequency-
based.
• limited precision.
• Precision <= size of the window.
• Time window - same for all frequencies.
What’s wrong with Gabor?
Wavelet Analysis
• Windowing technique with variable size
window:
• Long time intervals - Low frequency
• Shorter intervals - High frequency
The main advantage:
Local Analysis
• To analyze a localized area of a larger
signal.
• For example:
Local Analysis (Cont’d) low
frequency

• Fourier analysis Vs.


Wavelet analysis:

scale

Discontinuity effect

time

High
NOTHING! frequency
exact location
in time of the discontinuity.
2D SIGNAL
Wavelet function

 
• b – shift
coefficient
• a – scale
a , b x 1
a
 x b
a
coefficient
1D function

• 2D
function a , bx , by x , y   1
a
  x bx
a , y by
a 
Time and Space definition
1D
• Time – for one dimension waves we
start point shifting from source to end
in time scale .
2D
• Space – for image point shifting is two
dimensional .
Image Pyramids
Wavelet Decomposition
Wavelet Decomposition-
Another Example
LENNA

LH

HL HH
high pass

high pass high pass


Coding Example

Original @ 8bpp

DWT DCT
@0.5bpp @0.5 bpp
Zoom on Details
DWT DCT
Another Example
0.15bpp 0.18bpp 0.2bpp

DCT

DWT
Where do we use Wavelets?
• Everywhere around us are signals that can
be analyzed
• For example:
– seismic tremors
– humanWavelet
speechanalysis is a new
andvibrations
– engine promising set of tools
– medical images
for analyzing these signals
– financial data
– Music

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