GASTRITIS

Gastritis is an inflammation, irritation, or erosion of

the lining of the stomach. It can occur suddenly
(acute) or gradually (chronic).
Causes
 Alcohol uses;
 Chronic vomiting;
 Stress;
 Certain medications (aspirin or other anti-inflammatory
drugs);
 Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) : a bacteria that lives in the
mucous lining of the stomach);
 Bile reflux: A backflow of bile into the stomach from the bile
tract;
 Infections caused by bacteria and viruses.
Symptoms
 Nausea or recurrent upset stomach;
 Abdominal bloating;
 Abdominal pain;
 Vomiting;
 Indigestion;
 Burning or gnawing feeling in the stomach between meals or at
night;
 Hiccups;
 Loss of appetite;
 Vomiting blood or coffee ground-like material;
 Black, tarry stools.
How is it diagnosed?

 Upper endoscopy. An endoscope is inserted through

your mouth and down into your stomach to look at the
stomach lining. The doctor will check for inflammation and
may perform a biopsy.
 Blood tests. The doctor may perform various blood tests,
such screening for H. pylori infection and pernicious anemia.
 Fecal occult blood test (stool test).
Treatment
 Taking antacids and other drugs to reduce stomach acid;
 Avoiding hot and spicy foods;
 For gastritis caused by H. pylori infection, your doctor will
prescribe a regimen of several antibiotics plus an acid blocking
drug (used for heartburn);
 If the gastritis is caused by pernicious anemia, B12 vitamin shots
will be given;
 Eliminating irritating foods from your diet such as lactose
from dairy or gluten from wheat.
 GLAUCOMA
Glaucoma is a condition that causes damage to
your eye's optic nerve and gets worse over time. It's
often linked to a buildup of pressure inside
your eye. Glaucoma tends to be inherited and may
not show up until later in life.
 Causes

 It’s the result of an intrinsic deterioration of the optic nerve,

which leads to high fluid pressure on the front part of the
eye. Normally, the fluid, called aqueous humor, flows out of
your eye through a mesh-like channel. If this channel gets
blocked, the liquid builds up.The reason for the blockage is
unknown, but doctors do know it can be inherited, meaning
it’s passed from parents to children.
Types
 Open-angle glaucoma. It’s the most common type. The
drain structure in your eye -- it’s called the trabecular
meshwork -- looks normal, but fluid doesn’t flow out like it
should.
 Angle-closure glaucoma. It’s less common in the West
than in Asia.Your eye doesn’t drain right because the drain
space between your iris and cornea becomes too narrow.
Symptoms
 Seeing halos around lights;
 Vision loss;
 Redness in the eye;
 Eye that looks hazy
(particularly in infants);
 Nausea or vomiting;
 Eye pain;
 Narrowed vision (tunnel vision).
How is it diagnosed?

 Your eye doctor will do a test called tonometry to check

your eye pressure. He will also do a visual field test, if
necessary, to figure out if you've lost your side, or peripheral,
vision. Glaucoma tests are painless and take very little time.
Treatment
 Eye drops (to reduce the formation of fluid in the eye or
increase its outflow, thereby lowering eye pressure).
 Laser surgery.This procedure can slightly increase the flow
of the fluid from the eye for people with open-angle
glaucoma.
 Microsurgery. In a procedure called a trabeculectomy, the
doctor creates a new channel to drain the fluid and ease eye
pressure.
 GIGANTISM
Gigantism is a condition characterized by excessive
growth and height significantly above average.
Causes
A pituitary gland tumor is almost always the cause of gigantism.
The pea-sized pituitary gland is located at the base of your
brain. It makes hormones that control many functions in your
body. Some tasks managed by the gland include:
 Temperature control;
 Sexual development;
 Growth;
 Metabolism;
 Urine production.
Symptoms

 Very large hands and feet;

 Thick toes and fingers;
 A prominent jaw and forehead;
 Coarse facial features;
How is it diagnosed?
 Blood test to measure levels of growth hormones and
insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1);
 MRI scan of the pituitary gland;
 Oral glucose tolerance test. In a normal body, growth
hormone levels will drop after eating or drinking glucose. If
your child’s levels remain the same, it means their body is
producing too much growth hormone.
Treatment

 Removing the tumor is the preferred treatment for

gigantism if it’s the underlying cause..
 Bromocriptine and cabergoline are drugs that can be
used to lower growth hormone levels.
 Gamma knife radiosurgery is an option if your child’s
doctor believes that a traditional surgery isn’t possible.
 HEPATITIS C
Hepatitis C is a liver infection caused by the
hepatitis C virus.
Causes
 Hepatitis C is a blood-borne virus that predominantly infects
the cells of the liver. This can result in inflammation and
significant damage to the liver. Although it has always been
regarded as a liver disease - ‘hepatitis’ means ‘inflammation of
the liver’ - recent research has shown that the hepatitis C
virus (HCV) affects a number of other areas of the body.
These can include the digestive system, the lymphatic system,
the immune system and the brain.The virus spreads through
the blood or body fluids of an infected person.
Symptoms
 Dark urine;
 Fever;
 Fatigue;
 Jaundice;
 Joint pain;
 Loss of appetite;
 Nausea;
 Stomach pain;
 Vomiting.
How is it diagnosed?
 Anti-HCV antibodies test;
 HCV RNA: It measures the number of viral RNA (genetic
material from the hepatitis virus) particles in your blood;
 Liver function tests.
Treatment
 Daclastasvir (Daklinza);
 Ledipasvir-sofosbuvir.This once-daily pill cures the
disease in most people in 8-12 weeks;
 Peginterferon (Pegasys);
 Ribavirin;
 Elbasvir-grazoprevir ( Zepatier). This once-daily pill
has cured the disease in as many as 97% of those treated.
 MASTOIDITIS
Mastoiditis is a bacterial infection of the mastoid air
cells surrounding the inner and middle ear. The mastoid
bone, which is full of these air cells, is part of the
temporal bone of the skull.
Causes
 Mastoiditis most often develops as a result of a middle ear
infection. Bacteria from the middle ear can travel into the air
cells of the mastoid bone. Less commonly, a growing
collection of skin cells called a cholesteatoma, may block
drainage of the ear, leading to mastoiditis.
Symptoms
 Fever, irritability, and lethargy;
 Swelling of the ear lobe;
 Redness and tenderness behind the ear;
 Drainage from the ear;
 Bulging and drooping of the ear.
How is it diagnosed?
 Any earache with fever or posterior ear tenderness, redness or
swelling should be evaluated by a doctor. The doctor will first look
for infection inside the ear with an instrument (called an
otoscope). Mastoiditis is uncommon without a coinciding ear
infection. A sample of the infected ear fluid should be collected for
culture.
 If complicated, severe or chronic mastoiditis is suspected, you will
be referred for a CT scan to image the mastoid area. If a pocket
of fluid or pus is found anywhere (in your ear, neck, mastoid,
spine) it will need to be drained and then cultured so antibiotics
can be tailored to the bug found.
Treatment

 Antibiotic therapy is the mainstay of treatment for

mastoiditis;
 Myringotomy ( a surgery needed to drain the fluid from
the middle ear).