Practice Problems

Digital Logic Design

17 Mechatronics
 Problems Content
 Introduction of Digital System
 Number Systems
 Binary Coded Systems
 Basic Logic Gates
 Boolean Expression
 Truth Table Construction
 Implementation of Logic Circuits
 Reduction of Logic Expression
 Application based Logic Circuits
 Introduction of DLD

1. Which of the following involve analog quantities

and which involve digital quantities?

(a) Ten-position switch

(b) Current flowing from an electrical outlet
(c) Temperature of a room
(d) Sand grains on the beach
(e) Automobile fuel gauge
EXAMPLE OF DIGITAL SYSTEMS
COMMUNICATION BETWEEN DIGITAL SYSTEM
 NUMBERS SYSTEM

• What is the maximum number that we can

count up to using 10 bits?
• How many bits are needed to count up to a
maximum of 511?
• Draw the timing diagram for a digital signal
that continuously alternates between 0.2 V
(binary 0) for 2 ms and 4.4 V (binary 1) for 4
ms.
 NUMBERS SYSTEM

Suppose that the decimal integer values from 0

to 15 are to be transmitted in binary.
(a) How many lines will be needed if parallel
representation is used?
(b) How many will be needed if serial
representation is used?
 NUMBERS SYSTEM CONVERSION
1. Convert 24CE16 to decimal.
2. Convert 311710 to hex, then from hex to
binary
3. Convert 10010111101101012 to hex.
4. Write the next four numbers in this hex
counting sequence: E9A, E9B, E9C, E9D.
5. Convert 3527 to binary16.
6. What range of decimal values can be
represented by a four-digit hex number?
 BINARY DATA REPRESENTATION

1. How many bytes are in a 32-bit string (a

string of 32 bits)?
2. What is the largest decimal value that can be
represented in binary using two bytes?
3. How many bytes are needed to represent the
decimal value 846,569 in BCD?
 BINARY DATA REPRESENTATION
1. Encode the following message in ASCII code using
the hex representation: “COST $72.”
2. The following padded ASCII-coded message is
stored in successive memory locations in a
computer: What is the message?
3. Attach an odd-parity bit to the ASCII code for the
$ symbol, and express the result in hexadecimal.
4. Attach an even-parity bit to the BCD code for
decimal 69.
5. Why can’t the parity method detect a double
error in transmitted data?
 BINARY DATA REPRESENTATION
• A typical CD-ROM can store 650 megabytes of
digital data. Since mega 220, how many bits of
data can a CD-ROM hold?
In order to program many microcontrollers, the binary
instructions are stored in a file on a personal computer in a
special way known as Intel Hex Format. The hexadecimal
information is encoded into ASCII characters so it can be
displayed easily on the PC screen, printed, and easily
transmitted one character at a time over a standard PC’s serial
COM port. One line of an Intel Hex Format file is shown below:

10002000F7CFFFCF1FEF2FEF2A95F1F71A95D9F7EA

The first character sent is the ASCII code for a colon, followed
by a 1. Each has an even parity bit appended as the most
significant bit. A test instrument captures the binary bit
pattern as it goes across the cable to the microcontroller.
(a) What should the binary bit pattern (including parity) look
like? (MSB – LSB)

(b) The value 10, following the colon, represents the total
hexadecimal number of bytes that are to be loaded into
the micro’s memory. What is the decimal number of
bytes being loaded?

(c) The number 0020 is a four-digit hex value representing

the address where the first byte is to be stored. What is
the biggest address possible? How many bits would it
take to represent this address?

(d) The value of the first data byte is F7. What is the value (in
binary) of the least significant nibble of this byte?
FFFF 1111 1111 1111 1111 16 bits
 BINARY DATA REPRESENTATION
A small process-control computer uses
hexadecimal codes to represent its 16-bit
memory addresses.
(a) How many hex digits are required?
(b) What is the range of addresses in hex?
(c) How many memory locations are there?
 BINARY DATA REPRESENTATION
Numbers are entered into a microcontroller-
based system in BCD, but stored in straight
binary. As a programmer, you must decide
whether you need a one-byte or two-byte
storage location.
(a) How many bytes do you need if the system
takes a two-digit decimal entry?
(b) What if you needed to be able to enter three
digits?
 BINARY DATA REPRESENTATION
*In a microcomputer, the addresses of memory locations
are binary numbers that identify each memory circuit
where a byte is stored. The number of bits that make up
an address depends on how many memory locations
there are. Since the number of bits can be very large, the
addresses are often specified in hex instead of binary. (a)
If a microcomputer uses a 20-bit address, how many
different memory locations are there? (b) How many hex
digits are needed to represent the address of a memory
location? (c) What is the hex address of the 256th
memory location? (Note: The first address is always 0.)
COMBINATIONAL LOGICS
PROBLEMS
 LOGICS…?
• If chimney is not blocked and the house is cold
and the pilot light is lit, then open the main fuel
valve to start boiler. b = chimney blocked c =
house is cold p = pilot light lit v = open fuel valve
– So in terms of a logical (Boolean) expression

v = (NOT b) AND c AND p

 LOGICS…?

• Which word does NOT belong with the others?

A. Inch B. Foot C. Gram D. Meter
• Look at this series: 2, 1, (1/2), (1/4), ... What number
should come next?
• If book then it has ________ ?
a. Fiction Story
b. Pictures
c. Pages
d. Learning
 LOGICS…?

• Design a logic circuit whose output is HIGH

only when a majority of inputs A, B, and C are
LOW
 EXAMPLE OF DIGITAL SYSTEM
In many industrial control systems, it is required to activate an output
function whenever any one of several inputs is activated. For example, in a
chemical process it may be desired that an alarm be activated whenever the
process temperature exceeds a maximum value or whenever the pressure
goes above a certain limit. Figure 3-4 is a block diagram of this situation.The
temperature transducer circuit produces an output voltage proportional to
the process temperature. This voltage, VT, is compared with a temperature
reference voltage, VTR, in a voltage comparator circuit. The comparator
output, TH, is normally a low voltage (logic 0), but it switches to a high voltage
(logic 1) when VT exceeds VTR, indicating that the process temperature is too
high. A similar arrangement is used for the pressure measurement, so that its
associated comparator output, PH, goes from LOW to HIGH when the
pressure is too high.
APPLICATION OF LOGIC CIRCUIT
APPLICATION OF LOGIC CIRCUIT
 BOOLEAN EQUATION IMPLEMENTATION

Draw the circuit diagram to implement the

following expressions
1. x = (A + B)(B’ + C)
2. x = ABC(A + D)
3. z = (A + B + C’DE’)’ + B’CD’
Simplify the logic circuit and Boolean equation

1. z = A’C(A’BD)’ + A’BC’D’ + AB’C.

2. x = (A’ + B)(A + B + D)D.’
3. y = (C + D)’ + A’CD’ + AB’ C’ + A’ B’CD + ACD’
 APPLICATION PROBLEMS
• Refer to Figure 4-8(a), where an analog-to-
digital converter is monitoring the dc voltage
of a 12-V storage battery on an orbiting
spaceship. The converter’s output is a four-bit
binary number, ABCD, corresponding to the
battery voltage in steps of 1 V, with A as the
MSB. The converter’s binary outputs are fed
to a logic circuit that is to produce a HIGH
output as long as the binary value is greater
than 01102 610; that is, the battery voltage is
greater than 6 V. Design this logic circuit.
 APPLICATION PROBLEMS

• The notation x1, x0 represents a two-bit

binary number that can have any value (00,
01, 10, or 11); for example, when x1=1 and
x0= 0, the binary number is 10, and so on.
Similarly, y1y0 represents another two-bit
binary number. Design a logic circuit, using x1,
x0, y1, and y0 inputs, whose output will be
HIGH only when the two binary numbers x1x0
and y1y0 are equal.
 APPLICATION PROBLEMS
A manufacturing plant needs to have a horn
sound to signal quitting time. The horn should
be activated when either of the following
conditions is met: 1. It’s after 5 o’clock and all
machines are shut down. 2. It’s Friday, the
production run for the day is complete, and all
machines are shut down. Design a logic circuit
that will control the horn. (Hint: Use four logic
input variables to represent the various
conditions; for example, input A will be HIGH
only when the time of day is 5 o’clock or later.)
 APPLICATION PROBLEMS
• Four large tanks at a chemical plant contain different
liquids being heated. Liquid-level sensors are being
used to detect whenever the level in tank A or tank B
rises above a predetermined level. Temperature
sensors in tanks C and D detect when the temperature
in either of these tanks drops below a prescribed
temperature limit. Assume that the liquid-level sensor
outputs A and B are LOW when the level is satisfactory
and HIGH when the level is too high. Also, the
temperature-sensor outputs C and D are LOW when
the temperature is satisfactory and HIGH when the
temperature is too low. Design a logic circuit that will
detect whenever the level in tank A or tank B is too
high at the same time that the temperature in either
tank C or tank D is too low.