Objectives

You will be able to ...

 describe the different types of
intermolecular forces (IMF)
give the type of IMF in the
properties of substances
explain the effect of IMF on the
properties of the substance
Forces that form
between molecules,
atoms, or ions
 TYPES OF INTERMOLECULAR
FORCES
1.Ion-ion interaction
2.Dipole-dipole interaction
*Hydrogen bonding
4.Dispersion forces or London
forces in honor of Fritz London
 Ion-ion Interaction
 Exists between oppositely charged ions.
 Occurs between ionic compounds
 Mostly it is strong and compounds which
have them have high melting and boiling
points
 Ions of like charges repel while opposite
charges attract
 Strength is inversely proportional to the
square of distance between the ions
 Strongest intermolecular forces
Dipole-dipole Interaction
 Occurs between polar molecules, due to
partial positive pole and the partial
negative pole of the molecule

 Average Dipole-dipole interaction is

relatively weak. (effective in short range )

 Strength is inversely proportional to

distance raised to the fourth power
Hydrogen Bond
Strong dipole dipole
interaction
Hydrogen bond occurs in
polar molecules containing H
and one of the highly
electronegative elements, in
particular F, O, N.
Dispersion Forces or London Forces
 Present in all molecules
 Only force present in nonpolar molecules
 A very weak and acts in very small distances
 Formed due to the attraction between the
positively charged electron cloud of a nearby
atom.
 Creates an induced dipole
 Strength is inversely proportional to distance
raised to the 7th power
 Without dispersion forces substances would
not be condense to liquid and solid phase.
As a molecular weight of
molecules increases (which also
corresponds to an increased
number of electrons), the
polarization increases due to
dispersion forces.Sometimes,
dispersion forces can be stronger
than dipole-dipole interaction or
even H-bonding
Activity: Identify the most probable
intermolecular force of attraction in the
following:  1. KCl ----KCl
 2. NH3——NH3
 3. Na2S——Na2S
 4. HF——HF
 5. MgS——MgS
 6. CH3OH——CH3OH
 7. H2——H2
 8. CuO——CuO
 9. SbH3——SbH3
 10. CO2——CO2
 1.ion-ion
 2. dipole -dipole, H-bonding
 3. ion-ion
 4. dipole-dipole, H-bonding
 5. ion-ion
 6. dipole-dipole, H-bonding
 7. dispersion forces
 8. ion-ion
 9. dipole-dipole
 10. dispersion forces
Recall
Intramolecular vs. Intermolecular
Van der Waals Forces/London
Forces
Ion-ion interaction
Dipole-dipole interaction
H-bonding
Dispersion Forces
Water striders
Objectives
You will be able to ...

give the types of IMF in the

properties of substances (S11/12PS-IIId-e-18)

explain the effect of IMF on the

properties of the substance (S11/12PS-IIId-e-19)
Properties
1. Surface Tension
2. Formation of Meniscus
3.Viscosity
4. Capillary Action
5. Evaporation/Vaporization
Surface Tension
A phenomenon caused by
cohesive forces between
molecules allowing liquids to
create a thin film on its surface.
This causes liquids to acquire a
certain shape when put on a
container or dropped on
surfaces.
The bulk of a liquid has a balance of
intermolecular forces in all
direction.
There is a net inward force on the
surface since there are no liquids
there.
This creates surface tension.
Stronger intermolecular bonds
equates to stronger surface tension.
 Floating Paper Clip Lab Activity
3 members/group
Outline of the Laboratory Report(Short Bond Paper)

I.Objectives: This activity aims to perform, observe and

understand the property of a substance in relation to IMF.
II.Materials : 2 Paper clips, 100 ml water, liquid detergent and
1 pc. plastic cup.
III.Procedures: written in past tense
IV.Results and Discussion: (Includes pictures of Set up)
Did the paper clip float? Why and why not?
What IMF is involved in the activity? Explain the relationship.
V.Conclusion:
Procedures
1.Prepare all the materials
2.Pour ¾ volume of water in the cups
3.Put the paper clip on the surface of the
water and try your best to make it float.
4.Observe.( take pictures and take note on
your notebook )
5. Gently drop a detergent liquid on the water.
Observe.(take pictures and take note on
your notebook )
Rubrics!
Basilisk lizard or
the Jesus lizard
being able to
walk in water by
virtue of surface
tension
Water striders
are also able to
walk or stride
in the water
due to surface
tension
Fish Spiders
Formation of Meniscus
Concave meniscus
-Occurs when there is stronger
adhesive force between the
container and the liquid than the
liquid’s molecules. The adhesive
force overcomes the cohesive force
of the liquid. This causes the liquid
to climb up the sides of the
container.
Convex meniscus
Video
-Occurs when there is stronger
cohesive force between the liquid’s
molecules than the adhesive force
between the liquid and the
container. This causes the liquid to
create a dome shape on its surface.
Viscosity
the resistance of a liquid to
flow. The more viscous a
liquid is the thicker its
consistency.
 In layman’s term it is the
measure of the thickness of a
liquid.
In general, stronger intermolecular
forces leads to higher viscosity.
Increased H-bonding, like in
glycerine, results to higher
viscosity.
Higher surface area or increasing
molecular size also results to greater
viscosity due to greater dispersion
forces.
The most viscous liquid
has the stronger
intermolecular force
and the least viscous
liquid has the weakest
intermolecular force.
Capillary action
A phenomenon wherein a liquid
is able to rise up on a narrow
tube.
Adhesive forces between the
tube and the liquid allow the
liquid to exceed its weight.
The narrower the tube, the
higher the liquid will reach.
Evaporation / vaporization
Evaporation is the process
of turning liquid into
gaseous form.
Weaker intermolecular
forces equates to greater
volatility.
 Boiling point
- solutions with stronger intermolecular
forces (IMF) have higher boiling points
than solutions with weaker
intermolecular forces. The solutions
with stronger IMF holds it molecules
together stronger hence making it
harder for the solution to evaporate and
eventually boil.
Surface tension
- this is a phenomenon
wherein a liquid creates
a seemingly thin film on
its surface. The stronger
the IMF, the stronger is
its surface tension.
 Capillary action
- this is the ability of fluids to rise in
narrow tubes. The IMF between
the surface of the tube and the
liquid allows the liquid to rise
provided that the IMF between
the surface and the liquid is
stronger than the cohesive forces
within the liquid.
Convex and concave meniscus
- a convex meniscus is formed when the
cohesive forces within a liquid is
stronger than the adhesive forces
between the liquid and the surface of
the container. Concave meniscus on
the other hand is the opposite wherein
the adhesive forces is stronger than
the cohesive forces. The cohesive and
adhesive forces are both due to IMF.
 Viscosity
- this is the measure a
liquid’s resistance to
flow. Generally, the
stronger is the IMF in
the liquid the more
viscous it is.
What have you learned?
Direction: Describe the relationships of
the following properties with
intermolecular forces of attraction.
Choose only three properties. Write in
a ½ sheet of Paper.
 a. Boiling point / evaporation
 b. Surface tension
 c. Capillary action
 d. Convex and concave meniscus
 e. Viscosity
Group Assignment
Fact Sheet: Amazing Water
Amazing it is that water is made from two gases that are flammable but together they make a substance
that can put out fire. These two elements bonded together allow life on earth to exist. The ability of
water to form hydrogen bonds presents many interesting properties which are useful for life.

Direction: Look for selected topics concerning water. Each groups of 2-3 members each will
create a fact sheet or a poster showing what have have researched on.

Topics options:
 1. Water and the earth. How is water stored on earth? (polar ice, underground, sea water,
atmosphere). How much water does the earth
 have? How does water shape land?
 2. Water and the human body. How does a human being’s water content change throughout his life?
(fetal stage, at birth, adulthood). How
 much water do we consume in our lifetime?
 3. The triple point of water (for advanced learners)
 4. Water and agriculture
 5. Why is water called the universal solvent?
 6. Water and electricity production
 7. Water and religion/ myths
 8. The different shapes of water (solid, liquid, ice, snow)
 9. Water and its high specific heat capacity
 10. Water and its availability to all
Thank you!