Radiation Integrals
Radiation Integrals
Functions
Dr N. Rajesh
Assistant Professor (Senior)
SENSE
Introduction
- In the analysis of radiation problems, the usual procedure is to specify the sources
and then require the fields radiated by the sources.
- This is in contrast to the synthesis problem where the radiated fields are specified,
and we are required to determine the sources.
The Vector Potential A for an Electric Current Source J
- The vector potential A is useful in solving for the EM field generated by a given
• harmonic electric current J. The magnetic flux B is always solenoidal; that is, .
Therefore, it can be represented as the curl of another vector because it obeys the
vector identity
or
- Where subscript A indicates the field due to the A potential. Substituting (3-2a) into
Maxwell’s curl equation
Reduce by (3-2a)
And it follows
- In(3-2), the curl of A was defined. Now we are at liberty to define the divergence of
A, which is independent of its curl. In order to simplify (3-12), let
- Which is known as the Lorenz (Gauge) condition. Substituting (3-13) into (3-12), let
- Once A is known, can be found from (3-2a) and from (3-15). can just as easily be
found from Maxwell’s equation (3-10) with J = 0. It will be shown later how to find
A in terms of the current density J. It will be a solution to the inhomogeneous
Helmholtz equation of (3-14).
The Vector Potential F for an Magnetic Current Source M
reduces it to
Equating it to Maxwell’s
equation
It leads to
By letting
Electric and Magnetic Fields for Electric (J)
and Magnetic (M) Current Source
- In the previous two sections we have developed equations that can be used to find the
electric and magnetic fields generated by an electric current source J and a magnetic
current source M. The procedure requires that the auxiliary potential functions A and F
generated, respectively, by J and M are found first. In turn, the corresponding electric
and magnetic fields are then determined (, due to A and , due to F). The total fields
are then obtained by the superposition of the individual fields due to A and F (J and
M).
Summary
and (3-19) to
- Once F is known, can be found from (3-16) and from (3-26) or (3-21) with M = 0. It
will be shown later how to find F once M is known. It will be a solution to the
inhomogeneous Helmholtz equation of (3-25).
Electric and Magnetic Fields for Electric (J)
and Magnetic (M) Current Source
3. a. Find using (3-2a) and using (3-15). can also be found using
Maxwell’s equation of (3-10) with J = 0.
b. Find using (3-16) and using (3-26). can also be found using
Maxwell’s equation of (3-21) with M = 0.
or
or
- At points removed from the source ( = 0), the wave equation reduces to
- Since in the limit the source is a point, it requires that is not a function of direction (θ
and φ); in a spherical coordinate system, = (r) where r is the radial distance. Thus (3-
32) can be written as
- which when expanded reduces to
- The partial derivative has been replaced by the ordinary derivative since is only a
function of the radial coordinate. The differential equation of (3-34) has two
independent solutions
solution
- Equation (3-42) represents the solution to (3-31) when k = 0 (static case). Using the
comparative analogy between (3-37) and (3-38), the time-varying solution of (3-31)
can be obtained by multiplying the static solution of (3-42) by . Thus
- Likewise, in the x- and y- directions ( and ), the wave equation for each would reduce
to
- If the source is removed from the origin and placed at a position represented by the
primed coordinates (x, y, z), as shown in Figure 3.2(b), (3-48) can be written as
- where the primed coordinates represent the source, the unprimed the observation point,
and R the distance from any point on the source to the observation point. In a similar
fashion we can show that the solution of (3-25) is given by
Duality Theorem
- When two equations that describe the behavior of two different variables are of the
same mathematical form, their solutions will also be identical. The variables in the
two equations that occupy identical positions are known as dual quantities and a
solution of one can be formed by a systematic interchange of symbols to the other. This
concept is known as the duality theorem.
- The dual equations and their dual quantities are listed, respectively in Tables 3.1 and
3.2 for electric and magnetic sources. Duality only serves as a guide to form
mathematical solutions.
Reciprocity and Reaction Theorems
- Reciprocity theorem, as applied to circuits, which states that “in any network
composed of linear, bilateral, lumped elements, if one places a constant current
(voltage) generator between two nodes (in any branch) and places a voltage (current)
meter between any other two nodes (in any other branch), makes observation of the
meter reading, then interchanges the locations of the source and the meter, the meter
reading will be unchanged”
- Let us assume that within a linear and isotropic medium, but not necessarily
homogeneous, there exist two sets of sources , , and , which are allowed to radiate
simultaneously or individually inside the same medium at the same frequency and
produce fields , and , , respectively. It can be shown [1], [2] that the sources and fields
satisfy
Reciprocity and Reaction Theorems
- There are many applications of the reciprocity theorem. To demonstrate its potential,
an antenna example will be considered. Two antennas, whose input impedances are
and , are separated by a linear and isotropic (but not necessarily homogeneous)
medium, as shown in Figure 3.3.
Transmitter Receiver