LEADING

Organization & Management

SHS grade 12
Prepared by: Rossinni Medel
Learning Objectives
1. Discuss the nature of leading or directing.
2. Differentiate leading from managing
3. Identify the different theories of motivation
4. Differentiate the various styles of leadership
5. Appreciate the role of communication in directing people
within the organization
6. Explain the management of change and diversity in the
workplace
7. Recognize the interrelationship of Filipino and foreign
cultures.
What is leading?
The management function that involves inspiring
and influencing people in the organization to
achieve a common goal.
-providing direction or guidance
Personality
It pertains to the unique combination of
physical and mental characteristics that
affect how individuals react to situations and
interact with others, and if unhealthy or not
fully functioning could cause conflicts/
problems among individuals
Leading vs Managing
Managing-
The process of working with and through
others to achieve organizational
objectives efficiently and ethically amid
constant change.
Big Five Personality Characteristics

1. Extraversion
2. Agreeableness
3. Conscientiousness
4. Emotional Stability
5. Openness to Experience
Extraversion-
the degree to which someone is sociable, talkative, and
assertive
Agreeableness –
the degree to which someone is good natured,
cooperative and trusting
Conscientiousness-
the degree to which someone is responsible,
dependable, persistent and achievement-oriented.
Emotional Stability –
the degree to which someone is calm, enthusiastic,
and secure, or tense, nervous, depressed, and
insecure
Openness to experience-
the degree to which someone is imaginative,
artistically sensitive and intellectual.
Emotional Intelligence

Pertains to the ability to manage one’s self and

interact with others in a positive way.
4 Key Components of EI
1.Self-awareness
2.Self management
3.Social awareness
4.Relationship management
Key Work Attitudes
a. Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB)
Refers to employee behavior that exceeds work role requirements
and also behaviors that go beyond the call of duty.

b. Organizational Commitment
Refers to the extent to which an individual employee identifies
with an organization and its goals

c. Job Satisfaction and Productivity

Refers to employees’ general attitude toward their respective jobs.
 Lesson 2
MOTIVATION
What is Motivation ?
 Motivation is the word derived from the word ’motive’
which means needs, desires, wants or drives within the
individuals. It is the process of stimulating people to
actions to accomplish the goals. In the work goal context
the psychological factors stimulating the people’s
behaviour can be:
 desire for money
 success
 recognition
 job-satisfaction
 team work, etc
The role of a leader is to arouse interest in
performance of employees in their jobs. The
process of motivation consists of three stages:-
A felt need or drive
A stimulus in which needs have to be aroused
When needs are satisfied, the satisfaction or
accomplishment of goals.
 Maslow’s: “The Need Hierarchy Model”.
 Physiologicalneeds- These are the basic needs of an
individual which includes food, clothing, shelter, air,
water, etc. These needs relate to the survival and
maintenance of human life.
 Safetyneeds- These needs are also important for human
beings. Everybody wants job security, protection against
danger, safety of property, etc.
 Socialneeds- These needs emerge from society. Man is a
social animal. These needs become important. For
example- love, affection, belongingness, friendship,
conversation, etc.
 Maslow’s: “The Need Hierarchy Model”.
 Esteem needs- These needs relate to desire for self-
respect, recognition and respect from others.
 Self-actualizationneeds- These are the needs of the
highest order and these needs are found in those person
whose previous four needs are satisfied. This will include
need for social service, meditation.
McGregor’s Theory
Implications:
McClelland’s Three Needs Theory
Let’s sum up everything….
 Lesson 3
LEADERSHIP STYLES AND THEORIES
According to Kreitner and Kinickki
(2013)
Trait Theory- a theory based on leader traits or personal
characteristics that differentiate leaders from followers.
Assumption:
Great Man Theory - leaders were born with some innate
ability to lead.
Trait Theory- leadership traits were not inborn and could be
learned through experience and knowledge gained through
studies.
Behavioral Theory-
A theory that focuses on behavior, action,
conduct, demeanor, or deportment of a
leader instead of his or her personality
traits.
Contemporary Theories
1. Fiedler Model – leaders’ effectiveness is
contingent or dependent on the extent to which a
leader’s style is fitted to actual situations in the
organization’s internal and external environment.

Situational Control:
High control- the leader has the capacity to
influence work results
Low control – leader has little influence.
Hersey- Blanchard Model
- It focuses on subordinate’s readiness or
extent to which the said subordinates have
the ability and willingness to accomplish a
specific work assignment.
Four Stages of Subordinates Readiness
R1 Where the subordinates are both unable and unwilling to
accomplish
R2 Where the subordinates are unable but willing to do the
task
R3 Where the subordinates are able but unwilling to do their
assigned tasks
R4 Where the subordinates are both able and willing to do
what the leader wants to complete the task
Path-Goal Theory

-developed by Robert House which states

that the leader’s task is to lead his other
followers or subordinates in achieving their
goals by providing them direction needed in
order to ensure compatibility of goals with
the organization’s goals.
Four Leadership Behaviors

1. Directive Leadership- leader gives specific

guidelines to followers so that task
accomplishment would be easier
2. Supportive Leadership- leader shows concern and
friendliness to subordinates
3. Participative Leadership- leader asks for
suggestions from followers before decision-making
4. Achievement-oriented Leadership- leader sets
goals that subordinates must try to achieve.
 Lesson 4
COMMUNICATION
What is communication?

The process where the sender who has an idea or a

message is then transmitted through a selected
channel to the receiver who in turn ha to be ready
for the reception of the message, so that it could be
decoded into thoughts.
The exchange of information and understanding.
- Hobbins and Coulter (2009)
 Communication Barriers
1. Filtering- the shaping of information
communicated in order to make it look good or
advantageous to the receiver.
2. Emotions- the interpretation of communication
which may be influenced by extreme emotions
felt by the receiver.
3. Information overload- too many pieces of
information are received and my have a negative
effect on a person’s processing capacity.
Communication Barriers
4. Defensiveness- act of self-protection when
people are threatened by something or
someone.
5. Language- words used may have different
meanings to different people belonging to
different age, educational background or
cultural group.
6. National culture- prevailing national culture may
cause problems in communication among
members of an organization.
Overcoming Communication Barriers

1. Use feedback
2. Use simple language
3. Active listening
4. Control emotions
5. Observe body language
 Lesson 5
Management of
Change & Diversity in Organizations
Management of
Change & Diversity in Organizations
Organizational Change- any alteration of people,
structure or technology in organizations brought by
external or internal forces which they encounter

Organizational Diversity- the host of individual

differences that make people in organizations
different from and similar to each other
Management of
Change & Diversity in Organizations

Types of Change
1. Changes in people
2. Changes in structure
3. Changes in Technology
Managing Resistance to Change

1. Education
2. Participation
3. Facilitationand Support
4. Manipulation of Information
5. Selection of people
6. Coercion
Managing Diversity
Reduce potential negative effects of
diversity through:
1. Encourage employees to accept the
organization’s culture or its dominant
values
2. Encourage employees to accept
differences in the workplace.
QUESTIONS ???
Can you remember?
1. Draw the Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
2. Give at least 3 barriers to communication
3. The exchange of information and
understanding is leading. T/F
4. Feedback is one of the elements of
communication. T/F
5. Employees have to be educated regarding
the reasons for the relevance of change. T/F
Can you remember?
6. It is not necessary to undergo training in improving
the negative relationship in workgroup’s diversity. T/F
7. Employees tend to show less resistance to change
during the induction of new administrators/leaders.
T/F
8. Theory X exhibits positive behavior in the
organization. T/F
9. Emotional intelligence pertains to the ability to
manage one’s self and interact with others in a positive
way. T/F
 FILIPINO AND FOREIGN
CULTURES IN ORGANIZATIONS
Three Filipino Values:
1. SocialAcceptance- desire of Filipinos to be accepted
and treated well by others in accordance with his or her
status, for what he or she is and for what he or she has
accomplished.
2. Economic Security- emphasizes that one must have
financial stability and that he or she must be able to
stand on his on her own two feet w/o incurring debt in
order to meet his/her basic material needs.
 FILIPINO AND FOREIGN
CULTURES IN ORGANIZATIONS
Three Filipino Values:
1. SocialMobility- concerned with his/her desire to
move up to the social ladder, to another higher
economic level, to a higher job position, to a
position of respect in the community where
he/she belongs.
What is the most common problem of
Filipinos?

TIME MANAGEMENT
Manana Habit
Ningas Cogon
How are the primary values of Filipinos
related to job performance? Explain.
Foreign Cultures’ Influence…
 Gender Egalitarianism- amount of effort which must be
put into minimizing gender discrimination and role
inequalities
 Assertiveness-how confrontational and dominant
individuals should be in social relationships
 PerformanceOrientation- how much individuals should
be rewarded for improvement and excellence
 Humane Orientation- how much society should
encourage and reward people for being kind, fair,
friendly, and generous.
Based on your learning regarding the influence of
foreign culture on organizational management, are
you interested to in getting a foreign job
assignment someday? Explain your answer.