SIMULATION OF EXTRA HIGH VOLTAGE LONG

TRANSMISSION LINES
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for Degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ROORKEE (COER)

ROORKEE (HARIDWAR) - UTTARAKHAND
2016-17
SUBMITTED BY-
ANIRUDH GARG
ASHISH ANURAG
ASHISH TYAGI
HARSH KUMAR SINGH
 ABSTRACT
The electrical power system mainly consists of three principle divisions the
generating stations, transmission system and the distribution system. The
transmission lines are the connecting links between generating station and the
distribution system and lead to other power system interconnections. Now a day,
we are using Extra High Voltage (EHV) transmission lines for transmission of
power between the generating station and distribution system .
The main reasons behind it are-
The construction of super power stations of very large capacities necessities the
transmission at high voltage for this we use EHV lines. At high voltages power
loss is also reduced because losses are directly proportional to the square of
current. The simulation of transmission line using MATLAB helps us to analyze
the behaviors and parameters of transmission line under actual conditions. We are
simulating a long transmission line and analyze the waveforms at sending and
receiving end . The results obtained after simulation are used in the designing of
Extra High Voltage Long Transmission Line Model.
 INTRODUCTION
Electrical energy is generated in large hydro electric, thermal and nuclear super
and super critical power stations these stations are generally situated far away
from the load centers. This necessitates an extensive power supply network
between the generating station and consumer load. This network may be divided
into two parts transmission and distribution the main part of this transmission
system. Transmission line transmits bulk electrical power from sending end to
receiving end stations without supplying any consumer en route and it can be
divided into two parts primary and secondary. The transmission voltage is re
66kV, 110kV, 132kV, 220kV, 400kV and 765kV.

The more the voltages of transmission line the better the performance and
efficiency of the system. For this we use high voltage and extra high voltage
transmission lines to transmit electrical power from the sending end substations
to the receiving end substations. At the receiving end substations the voltage is
stepped down to a lower value of 66kV, 33kv or 11kV. The secondary
transmission system forms the link between the main receiving end substations
and secondary substations. In the transmission line the voltage can vary as much
as 10% or even 15% DUE TO variation in loads.
The transmission line performance is governed by its four parameters-
 Series resistance
 Series inductance
 Shunt capacitance
Shunt conductance
All these parameters are distributed over the length of the line. The insulation of a
line us seldom perfect and leakage currents flow over the surface of insulators
especially during bad weather this leakage is simulated by shunt conductance. The
shunt conductance is in parallel with the system capacitance. Generally the
leakage currents are small and the shunt conductance is ignored in calculations.
The transmission line may be classified as short, medium and long.
 When the length of the line is less than about 80km the effect of shunt
capacitance can be ignored and the line is designated as a short line.
 When the length is between 80 and 250km the shunt capacitance can be
considered as lumped and the line is termed as medium length line.
 Lines more than 250km long require calculation in terms of distributed
parameters are knows as long lines
 TWO PORT NETWORK
A pair of terminals at which a signal (voltage or current) may enter or leave is
called a port . A network having only one such pair of terminals is called a one
port network. A two-port network is represented by four external variables:
voltage and current at the input port, and voltage and current at the output port,
so that the two-port network can be treated as a black box modeled by the
relationships between the four variables Vs, Is, Vr and Ir. There exist six
different ways to describe the relationships between these variables, depending
on which two of the four variables are given, while the other two can always
be derived.
All voltages and currents below are complex variables and represented by phasor
containing both magnitude and phase angle.
The parameters used in order to describe a two-port network are the following:
Z, Y, A , h and g. They are usually expressed in matrix notation and they
establish relations between the following parameters:
(1) Input voltage V1
(2) Output voltage V2
(3) Input current I1
(4) Output current I2

ABCD Parameters
Two port representation of a transmission network.
Consider the power system shown above. In this the sending and receiving end
voltages are denoted by VS and VR respectively. Also the currents IS and IR are
entering and leaving the network respectively. The sending end voltage and
current are then defined in terms of the ABCD parameters as
Consider the power system shown above. In this the sending and receiving end
voltages are denoted by VS and VR respectively. Also the currents IS and IR are
entering and leaving the network respectively. The sending end voltage and
current are then defined in terms of the ABCD parameters as
The parameter D is dimension less.
Note: Here A and D are dimensionless coefficients, B is impedance and C is
admittance. A negative sign is added to the output current I2 in the model, so that
the direction of the current is out-ward, for easy analysis of a cascade of multiple
network models.
 SIMULATION
Resistor
The Resistor block models a linear resistor, described with the following
equation: Where,
V Voltage
I Current
R Resistance
Capacitor
The Capacitor block models a linear capacitor, described with the following
equation: Where,
I Current
V Voltage
C Capacitance
t Time
Inductor
The Inductor block models a linear inductor, described with the following
equation: Where,
I Current
V Voltage
L Inductance
t Time
Voltage Sensor

The Voltage Sensor block represents an ideal voltage sensor, that is, a
device that converts voltage measured between two points of an
electrical circuit into a physical signal proportional to the voltage.
Voltage Measurement

The Voltage Measurement block measures the instantaneous voltage

between two electric nodes. The output provides a Simulink® signal that
can be used by other Simulink blocks.
AC Voltage Source

The AC Voltage Source block implements an ideal AC voltage source. The

generated voltage is described by the following relationship:
Negative values are allowed for amplitude and phase. A frequency of 0 and phase
equal to 90 degrees specify a DC voltage source. Negative frequency is not
allowed; otherwise the software signals an error, and the block displays a question
mark in the block icon.
Scope

The Scope block displays its input with respect to simulation time.
The Scope block can have multiple axes (one per port) and all axes have a
common time range with independent y-axes. The Scope block allows you to
adjust the amount of time and the range of input values displayed. You can move
and resize the Scope window and you can modify the Scope's parameter values
during the simulation.
Breaker

The Breaker block implements a circuit breaker where the opening and closing
times can be controlled either from an external Simulink signal (external control
mode), or from an internal control timer (internal control mode).

Ground

The Ground block implements a connection to the ground.

Add

The Add block performs addition or subtraction on its inputs. This block can
add or subtract scalar, vector, or matrix inputs. It can also collapse the elements
of a signal.

Sine Wave

The Sine Wave block provides a sinusoid. The block can operate in either time-
based or sample-based mode.
PS Simulink Converter

The PS-Simulink Converter block converts a physical signal into a Simulink

output signal. Use this block to connect outputs of a Physical Network diagram
to Simulink scopes or other Simulink blocks.

Display

The Display block shows the value of its input on its icon.
 First Simulation Model
In this we tried to implement the simulation of the transmission line by using its
equivalent diagram.

+ - + - + - + - + - + -
Resistor Inductor Inductor 1 Inductor 2 Inductor 3 Inductor 4

+
VS 1

V
-
AC Voltage Source

+
+

+
+

Capacitor Capacitor 1 Capacitor 2 Capacitor 3 Capacitor 4 Resistor1

VS2

-
-

-
V

SPS
-

f(x)=0
Electrical Reference
Solver
Scope
Configuration

PSS

Although there were no errors but the simulation was not showing desired
results. There was also no consideration of length and solver configuration block
was not implemented correctly.