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Sine Waves and Phase Shift - The General Form: Karen Dodd HNC Mechanical Engineering - Engineering Maths 2018-2019

This document discusses sine waves and phase shift. It defines key terms like period, frequency, angular velocity, phase, and presents the general sine wave equation and how to calculate phase shift. It explains how to sketch a sine wave from its equation and calculate phase if given the displacement at t=0. Some practice problems are provided to help understand these concepts.

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Karen Dodd
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69 views17 pages

Sine Waves and Phase Shift - The General Form: Karen Dodd HNC Mechanical Engineering - Engineering Maths 2018-2019

This document discusses sine waves and phase shift. It defines key terms like period, frequency, angular velocity, phase, and presents the general sine wave equation and how to calculate phase shift. It explains how to sketch a sine wave from its equation and calculate phase if given the displacement at t=0. Some practice problems are provided to help understand these concepts.

Uploaded by

Karen Dodd
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Sine waves and

phase shift
– the general form
Karen Dodd
HNC Mechanical Engineering – Engineering Maths
2018-2019
What questions will we be able to
answer after this lesson?

 What is the relationship between the period (T),


frequency (f) and angular velocity () of a wave?

 What is the phase angle of a wave and how do I tell if


it is lagging or leading?

 How do I sketch a sine wave from its general form


equation?

 How do I calculate the phase angle if I know the


displacement of my wave at t=0?
Sine Wave

 The sine wave is a common type of alternating


current (ac) and alternating voltage
Period of a Sine Wave

 The time required for a sine wave to complete one full


cycle is called the period (T)
 A cycle consists of one complete positive, and one
complete negative alternation
 The period of a sine wave can be measured between any
two corresponding points on the waveform
Instantaneous Values of Sine
Waves
 The instantaneous values of a sine wave voltage (or
current) are different at different points along the
curve, having negative and positive values

 Instantaneous values are represented as:


v and i
Peak Values of Sine Waves

 The peak value of a sine wave is the value of voltage or


current at the positive or negative maximum with
respect to zero

 The peak value is the amplitude, the first number in the


equation

 Peak values are represented as:


Vp and Ip
Repetitive Pulses

 Any waveform that repeats itself at


fixed intervals is periodic
 The time from one pulse to the
corresponding point on the next
pulse is the period, T ( f =1/T )
Frequency of a Sine Wave

 Frequency ( f ) is the number of cycles that a sine wave


completes in one second
 The more cycles completed in one second, the higher the
frequency
 Frequency is measured in hertz (Hz)
 Relationship between frequency ( f ) and period (T) is:
f = 1/T
Angular Velocity of a Sine
Wave
 In a linear situation, velocity = distance / time
 With circular motion, we calculate angular velocity
 Angular distance travelled in one cycle is 2
 Time taken for one cycle is the period T
 Therefore the equation for angular velocity ( - omega)
is

2𝜋
𝜔= = 2𝜋𝑓
𝑇
Angular Measurement of a
Sine Wave
 A degree is an angular measurement corresponding to 1/360 of
a circle or a complete revolution
 A radian (rad) is the angular measure along the circumference
of a circle that is equal to the radius of the circle
 There are 2 radians or 360 in one complete cycle of a sine
wave
Phase of a Sine Wave

 The phase of a sine wave is an angular measurement that


specifies the position of a sine wave relative to a
reference point (often the origin)
 When a sine wave is shifted left or right with respect to
this reference, there is a phase shift
Sine Wave Formula

The general expression for a sine wave is:

y = A sin 

Where: y = an instantaneous value (v or i)


A = amplitude (maximum value)
 = angle along the horizontal axis
Sine Wave Formula – with
phase shift
The general expression for a sine wave with a phase shift is:

y = A sin ( ±)

Where: y = an instantaneous value (v or i)


A = amplitude (maximum value)
 = angle along the horizontal axis
 = angle of phase shift
Expressions for Shifted Sine Waves

 When a sine wave is shifted to the right of the


reference by an angle , it is termed lagging
 When a sine wave is shifted to the left of the
reference by an angle , it is termed leading
How to express displacement
in general form
 You will normally have enough information in the
question to work out every feature of the wave,
apart from the phase angle, and build an equation

 If you are given a value for the voltage / current at


t=0, you can plug this in to your equation to work
out the phase angle  (as t=0 at t=0) using sin-1

 You can then rewrite your equation in the full


general form: i (or v) = Asin(t ), where you now
have values for A,  and 
Some practice problems

 See your practice problems handout


Can we answer our questions?

 What is the relationship between the period (T),


frequency (f) and angular velocity () of a wave?

 What is the phase angle of a wave and how do I tell if


it is lagging or leading?

 How do I sketch a sine wave from its general form


equation?

 How do I calculate the phase angle if I know the


displacement of my wave at t=0?

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