Basic Electrical Safety

Basic Electrical
Safety
Reporter
SISCAR
Why Bother?
O In 1997, over 12,000 people went to
hospital emergency rooms to be treated for
electrical shocks and burns.
O Hundreds of workers die every year from
electrical shock.
O The amount of current to power a 5-watt
lightbulb is enough to kill three people.
O One of your co-workers was injured last year
by electricity.
Voltage, Current, Resistance
O Voltage is the pressure or force that carries
the current.
O Current (amperage) is the amount of

electricity that flows.
O Resistance slows down the flow of

electricity.
Conductors Vs. Resistance
O Metals are good conductors of current
having very low resistance
O Rubber, ceramics, and wood are poor
conductors of current with very high
resistance.
O Materials with high resistance are often
called insulators.
O The human body can be a very good
conductor or a very poor conductor.
Factors Affecting the Conductivity
of the Human Body
O Condition of the skin: Is it wet, dry, greasy?
O Health of Individual
O Duration of Contact with Electricity
O Part of the Body contacted

21 Safety Rules for Working with Electrical
Equipment
A safe work environment is not always enough

to control all potential electrical hazards. You
must be very cautious and work safely. Safety
rules help you control your and others risk of
injury or death from workplace hazards.
If you are working on electrical circuits or with

electrical tools and equipment, you need to
use following golden safety rules:
O Rule no. 1
Avoid contact with energized electrical
circuits.
Please don’t make fun of this rule if you
already know this (and you probably already
know if you are reading these lines) and
remember that if something bad occurs – you
probably won’t have second chance. That’s not
funny.
O Rule no. 2
Treat all electrical devices as if they are live or
energized. You never know.
O Rule no. 3
Disconnect the power source before servicing
or repairing electrical equipment.
The only way to be sure.
O Rule no. 4
Use only tools and equipment with non-
conducting handles when working on electrical
devices.
Easy to check.
O Rule no. 5
Never use metallic pencils or rulers, or wear rings
or metal watchbands when working with electrical
equipment. This rule is very easy to forget,
especially when you are showing some electrical
part pointing with metallic pencil.
Always be aware.
O Rule no. 6
When it is necessary to handle equipment that is
plugged in, be sure hands are dry and, when
possible, wear nonconductive gloves, protective
clothes and shoes with insulated soles.
O Rule no. 7
If it is safe to do so, work with only one hand,
keeping the other hand at your side or in your
pocket, away from all conductive material. This
precaution reduces the likelihood of accidents that
result in current passing through the chest cavity.
O Rule no. 8
Minimize the use of electrical equipment in cold
rooms or other areas where condensation is likely.
If equipment must be used in such areas, mount
the equipment on a wall or vertical panel.
O Rule no. 9
If water or a chemical is spilled onto equipment,
shut off power at the main switch or circuit
breaker and unplug the equipment.
Very logical. NEVER try to remove water or similar
from equipment while energized. After all, it’s stupid
to do so.
O Rule no. 10
If an individual comes in contact with a live
electrical conductor, do not touch the equipment,
cord or person. Disconnect the power source from
the circuit breaker or pull out the plug using a
leather belt.
Tricky situation, and you must be very calm in
order not to make the situation even worse.
O Rule no. 11
Equipment producing a “tingle” should be
disconnected and reported promptly for repair.
O Rule no. 12
Do not rely on grounding to mask a defective
circuit nor attempt to correct a fault by insertion of
another fuse or breaker, particularly one of larger
capacity.
O Rule no. 13
Drain capacitors before working near them and
keep the short circuit on the terminals during the
work to prevent electrical shock.
(it is not the capacitor that can harm you, but the voltage and charge stored in the capacitor)
O Rule no. 14
Never touch another person’s equipment or
electrical control devices unless instructed to do so.
Don’t be too smart. Don’t try your luck.
O Rule no. 15
Enclose all electric contacts and conductors so that
no one can accidentally come into contact with
them.
If applicable do it always, if not be very careful.
O Rule no. 16
Never handle electrical equipment when hands,
feet, or body are wet or perspiring, or when standing
on a wet floor.
Remember: Gloves and shoes
O Rule no. 17
When it is necessary to touch electrical equipment
(for example, when checking for overheated motors),
use the back of the hand. Thus, if accidental shock
were to cause muscular contraction, you would not
“freeze” to the conductor.
O Rule no. 18
Do not store highly flammable liquids near electrical
equipment.
O Rule no. 19
Be aware that interlocks on equipment disconnect
the high voltage source when a cabinet door is open
but power for control circuits may remain on.
Read the single line diagram and wiring schemes –
know your switchboard.
O Rule no. 20
De-energize open experimental circuits and
equipment to be left unattended.
O Rule no. 21
Do not wear loose clothing or ties near electrical
equipment. You are not on the beach.
Example of human stupidity and ignorance of basic
safety
Electrical Shock Injury
ampere (amp)—the unit used to measure current
milliampere (milliamp or mA)— 1/1,000 of an ampere
shocking current—electrical current that passes through a part of the body
You will be hurt more if you can’t let go of a tool giving a shock.
The longer the shock, the greater the injury.

High voltages cause additional injuries!
Higher voltages can cause larger currents and more severe shocks.
Some injuries from electrical shock cannot be seen.

Current Reaction
1 milliamp Just a faint tingle.
5 milliamps Slight shock felt. Disturbing,
but not painful. Most people
can “let go.” However, strong
involuntary movements can
cause injuries.
6-25 milliamps (women)† Painful shock. Muscular control

is lost. This is the range where
9-30 milliamps (men)
“freezing currents” start. It may
not be possible to “let go.”
50-150 milliamps Extremely painful shock, respiratory
arrest (breathing stops), severe
muscle contractions. Flexor muscles
may cause holding on; extensor
muscles may cause intense pushing
away. Death is possible.
1,000- 4,300 milliamps (1-4.3 Ventricular fibrillation (heart
amps) pumping action not rhythmic)
occurs. Muscles contract; nerve
damage occurs. Death is likely.
10,000 milliamps(10 amps) Cardiac arrest and severe burns
occur. Death is probable.
15,000 milliamps (15 amps) Lowest overcurrent at which a
typical fuse or circuit breaker opens
a circuit!
*Effects are for voltages less than about 600 volts. Higher voltages also
cause severe burns. †Differences in muscle and fat content affect the
severity of shock.
Summary
O Even low voltage electricity can cause
injury.
O Your body can be a good conductor of
electricity, especially when wet.
O Follow the Ground Rules/ Do’s and Don’ts of
electricity.
References
O By Greg Bock -PLU Electrician
O https://electrical-engineering-
portal.com/21-safety-rules-for-working-with-
electrical-equipment
O http://www.elcosh.org/document/1624/88
8/d000543/section2.html
FALL PROTECTION
A group of measures, techniques and equipment
used to provide employees a safe working
environment by preventing or arresting the fall.
• Three types of Fall Protection:
1. Fall Arrest Systems
2. Fall Restraint Systems
3. Positioning Device Systems
Fall Protection Responsibilities
• Employer Responsibilities:
1. Provide a safe work environment by ensuring that
all working and walking surfaces are structurally safe
and sound.
2. Provide proper fall protection training.
3. Provide all personnel protective equipment as part
of fall prevention training.
4. Employers need to establish written safety policies
with respect to fall protection.
5. General industry must conduct and document a PPE
hazard assessment for basically each work activity.
6. Employers must ensure that employees are using
their PPE.
• Employee Responsibilities:
1. To use fall protection equipment in accordance
with employer policies and the manufacturer’s
recommendations.
2. To properly inspect all personal fall restraint
systems prior to each use.
3. To report all defective components to your
employer and remove them from service if
necessary.
4. Do your part to encourage a safety culture at your
workplace that takes the necessary steps for a safe
work environment.
Types of Fall Protection
• Elimination - consists of taking steps to
completely remove the fall hazard
• Engineered Controls - With an engineered
control, the concept is to engineer a solution to
change the environment to vastly reduce the
exposure to a hazard.
• Administrative Controls - Steps taken to change
the way that people work.
• Personnel Protective Equipment (PPE) - the last
line of defense and the least desirable fall
prevention strategy.
Fall Restraint vs. Fall Arrest
• Fall Restraint
Intended to prevent a fall from occurring.
• Fall Arrest
Intended to arrest or stop the fall after a fall
has occurred and prevent the worker from
striking a lower level.
Personnel Fall Arrest System
• Connecting Device - A component or element
used to couple parts of the system together,
such as a harness to a shock absorbing lanyard
to an anchorage point.
Double Locking Shock-Absorbing
Snap-hook Lanyard
Self-Retracting Lifeline
Identifying Fall Hazards Associated with the Work Place
Identifying Fall Hazards Associated with the Work Place
Introduction to
Industrial Hygiene
35
PPT 10-hr. General Industry – Industrial Hygiene v.03.01.17 Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup
Introduction
Industrial Hygiene – the
science of protecting the health
and safety of workers through:
• Anticipation,
• Recognition,
• Evaluation, and
• Control
…of workplace conditions Source: OSHA
that may cause workers’

injury or illness.
36
Types of Health Hazards
Common workplace health hazards:
Chemical Physical
Biological Ergonomic
Source of photos: OSHA
37
Chemical Hazards and Controls
Multiple chemical
Forms hazards
• Solids
• Liquids
• Gases and vapors
• Aerosols - dust, mist, fumes Spraying mist
Welding fumes Dust particulates
38
Effects of chemical exposures:
Health Risks
Heart Ailments Lung Damage Sterility
CNS Damage Kidney Damage Burns
Cancer Liver Damage Rashes
Safety Risks
Fire Explosion Corrosion
39
Exposure entry routes:
Breathed in
Inhalation:
(most common route)
Swallowing via eating

Ingestion:
or drinking
Drawn through skin

Absorption:
or eye surface
Source of graphics: OSHA
Penetration through
*Injection:
the skin
40
Warning Signs of Potential Chemical

Exposure:
• Dust, mist, smoke in the air
• Accumulation of particulates (dust) on
surfaces
• Unusual tastes and/or smells
• Eye, nose, throat, upper respiratory,
and/or skin irritation
41
Examples of chemical exposure symptoms:
• Eye, nose, throat, upper respiratory, skin irritation
• Flu-like symptoms
• Difficulty breathing
• Fatigue
• Loss of coordination
• Memory difficulties
• Sleeplessness
• Mental confusion
42
Types of health effects:
Exposure Condition Exposure Example
H2S exposure
Short-term, high
ACUTE Immediate within a confined
concentration
space
Delayed; generally Continuous; for long
CHRONIC Asbestosis
for years periods of time
Acute Chronic
Source: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Source: OSHA
43
What is toxicology?
• The science that studies the poisonous
or toxic properties of substances
Source of graphics: OSHA Hazard Communication Pictograms
44
• Toxic chemicals disrupt the normal
functions of the body. Effects can
be:
– Local - at the site of exposure
– Systemic
• Affects the entire body
• Target organs - organs or systems where
symptoms of exposure appear
45
Local (direct) effects:
• Irritation (dryness, redness, cracking) -
fiberglass
• Corrosion (chemical burn) - acid
• Upper Respiratory Track Infection – inhaling
particles
Source: Occupational Dermatoses (CDC)
46
Systemic effects:
• Hepatotoxins
– Cause liver damage
– Carbon tetrachloride, nitrosamines
• Nephrotoxins
– Cause kidney damage
– Uranium, halogenated hydrocarbons
• Neurotoxins
– Cause nerve damage
– Mercury, lead, carbon disulfide
47
• Hematotoxins
– Cause blood system damage
– Carbon monoxide, cyanides
• Anesthetics
– Depress nervous system
– Hydrocarbons, propane, isopropyl ethers
48
Factors affecting exposures:
• form and innate chemical activity
• dosage, especially dose-time relationship
• exposure route
• age
• sex
• ability of chemical to be absorbed
• metabolism
• distribution within the body
• excretion
• presence of other chemicals
49
• Administrative controls
– Establish written
programs & policies
– Training
– Monitor/measure exposure levels
– Inspections and maintenance
– Restricted area signage
– Develop SOPs
50
• PPE
– Respirators
– Gloves
– Safety glasses
– Long clothing
51
Hexavalent chromium:
• Toxic form of chromium;
• Known to cause cancer
• Compounds are man-made
and widely used
• Major source of exposure
Source: OSHA
during “hotwork” on stainless

steel and other alloy steels
containing Cr(VI)
52
Asbestos:
• Mineral fibers – chrysotile, amosie,
crocidolite, tremolite, anthophylite,
actinolite, and chemically treated/
altered forms
• Known carcinogen; Source: OSHA
can cause chronic lung disease, as well as

lung and other cancers
• Used in numerous building materials and vehicle
products
• Exposure potential during construction and ship repair;
as well as manufacturing of products containing asbestos
53
Silica:
• Important industrial material found abundantly
in the earth’s crust; most common form is quartz
• Can cause lung diseases, including silicosis and
lung cancer, as well as kidney disease
• Exposure to respirable crystalline silica
– Inhalation of small particles
in air
– Common with operations
such as cutting, sawing,
and drilling
Source: NIOSH
54
Lead:
• Blue-gray, heavy metal occurring
naturally in Earth’s crust
• Can harm many of the body’s
organ systems; variety of ailments
• Exposure
– Inhalation and/or ingestion of airborne
particles containing lead
– Occurs in most industry sectors, including
manufacturing, wholesale trade, Source of photos: OSHA
transportation, construction, remediation,

and even recreation
55
Welding fumes:
• Content depends on components of
base metal, coatings, and/or filler
materials; and welding temperatures
• Potential health effects
– Acute exposure: eye, nose, and Source: OSHA
throat irritation; dizziness; nausea

– Prolonged exposure: lung damage; various types of
cancer, including lung, larynx, and urinary tract
– Certain fumes and gases can lead to additional health
issues
56
• Exposure to welding fumes
affected by:
– Welding process
– Materials used
– Location (outside, enclosed
space)
– Work practices
– Air movement Source: OSHA
– Use of ventilation
57
Toxic atmospheres:
• Confined spaces – storage tanks, process
vessels, bins, boilers, ventilation or exhaust ducts,
sewers, underground utility vaults, tunnels,
pipelines, open-top spaces more than 4’ in depth
(pits, tubs, vaults)
• Hazardous atmospheres
– Oxygen-deficient
– Hydrogen sulfide
– Carbon monoxide
Source: OSHA
58
Biological Hazards and Controls
Insects Animals Contaminated Soil
Source: OSHA Source: OSHA Source: CDC
Poisonous Plants Water/Sewage Bloodborne Pathogens
Source: OSHA Source: OSHA Source: OSHA
59
• Possible effects of exposure

to biological hazards:
• Mild, allergic reactions
• Serious medical conditions
• Death
• Most virulent and prevalent
biological agents
60
Protection against biological hazards:
• Practice universal precaution with:
– Blood
– Bodily fluids
• Practice personal hygiene
• Provide proper first aid
– Cuts/Scratches
• Vaccinations
• Wear proper PPE/clothing
61
• Practice precaution with:
– Animals
– Insects
• Use insect repellent
• Provide proper ventilation or Certain species of fruit bats are thought to be the
other appropriate environmental natural reservoir for Ebola virus. EHF outbreaks
are believed to start as a result of contact with
infected animals or animal carcasses.
controls Source: OSHA; photo courtesy of National Park

Service, U.S. Dept. of Interior.
The best way to protect yourself from Zika, as

well as other mosquito-borne illnesses, is to
prevent mosquito bites by using insect repellent,
wearing long sleeves and pants, and reducing
mosquito breeding grounds, such as standing
water. Source: OSHA; photos courtesy of CDC.
62
Physical Hazards and Controls
Types of physical hazards:
Temperature Vibration
Radiation Noise
63
Effects of exposure to physical hazards:
Temperature Radiation Vibration Noise
Rash; Cramps Burns Fatigue Interferences
Exhaustion Sickness Strains Stress
Stroke Aging Carpal Tunnel Tinnitus
Hypothermia Cancer HAVS Headaches
Frostbite DNA Mutations Raynaud’s Hearing Loss
64
Exposure to heat:
Health
Cause Symptoms
Effects
Red cluster of bumps/blisters;
Rash; Cramps Heavy sweating
Muscle pains or spasms
Dizziness, light-headedness,
Loss of body
Exhaustion weakness, heavy sweating, pale
fluids/salts
skin, sick to stomach
≥104F body temperature. Red,
Rapid body
Stroke hot, dry skin; dizziness;
temperature rise
confusion; unconscious
65
Protection against heat:
Engineering Administrative PPE
• Air conditioning • Emergency plan • Insulated PPE, in
• Ventilation • Acclimatization some work places
• Cooling fans • Adequate water • Thermal clothing
• Local exhaust • Work/rest cycles (cool vests)
ventilation • Avoid hottest times;
• Reflective shields adjust work demands
• Insulation • Rotate job functions
• Eliminate steam • Buddy system
leaks • Monitoring
Eliminate or substitute hazard, whenever feasible
66
Exposure to cold:
Health
Cause Symptoms
Effects
Uncontrolled shivering; slurred
Body temperature
Hypothermia speech; memory loss;
drops ≤95F
blue/purple skin
Pale, cold, waxy-white skin;
Frostbite Exposed to ≤0F air
tingling; stinging
67
Protection against cold:
• Heaters • Warm liquids • Layered clothing
• Shield work areas • Adjust work schedule • Hat or hood, face
(windbreaks) • Buddy system cover, gloves
• Monitoring • Clothing out of
• Frequent breaks in fabric that retains
warm areas insulation even
• Acclimatization when wet
• Insulated and
waterproof boots
68
Protection against radiation:
• Enclose/Shield work • Clearly mark • RF/MW protective
areas to minimize controlled spaces suits, including head
stray radiation • Minimize exposure and eye protection
• Interlocked doors on times • Safety glasses,
devices that can • Location/ goggles, welding
produce acute installation of helmets, or welding
thermal injuries devices face shields with
• Remote operation of • Proper appropriate filter
radiation-producing maintenance lenses
devices
69
Exposure to vibration:
Early Signs and Later Signs and
Health Effects
Symptoms Symptoms
• Circulatory • Intermittent • Loss of sense of touch;
disturbances, tingling of one or numbness
such as VWF and more fingers • Blanching of entire fingers
HAVS • Blanching of • Loss of grip strength
• Sensory nerve fingertips • Sever pain
damage • Pain in fingers • Carpal tunnel syndrome
• Muscle, bone, • Pain and loss of strength in
and joint injury arms
• Loss of finger dexterity or
coordination
70
Protection against vibration:

• Vibration reduction • Proper positioning • Anti-vibration
equipment and grip; let the gloves
• Vibration dampeners machine do the work
or shields to isolate • Job rotation
source of vibration • Limit duration of task
from employee • Proper maintenance
71
Exposure to noise:
Health Effects Signs and Symptoms
• Tinnitus • Ears feel stuffed up
• Permanent hearing loss • Ringing in the ears
• Physical stress • Limited ability to hear high frequency
• Psychological stress sounds, understand speech, and
communicate
72
• Noise – prolonged
exposures to
85 dB can lead to
hearing loss
Source: OSHA
73
Protection against noise:
• Use low-noise tools and • Increase distance • Ear plugs
machinery between source • Ear muffs
• Place a barrier between and worker • Hearing bands
noise source and worker • Alter work
• Enclose or isolate noise schedule
• Weld parts rather than • Limit time of noise
rivet exposure
• Use acoustical materials • Provide quiet
• Install silencers, areas for breaks
mufflers, or baffles
74
• When to wear hearing protection
– Noise or sound level exceeds 90 dBA
Recommended when exceeds 85 dBA
• What to wear
– Personal comfort preference
– Long-term/Single use (plugs)
– Short-term/On and off (muffs)
75
Ergonomic Hazards and Controls
76
Effects of exposure to ergonomic hazards:
• Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs)
– Exposure to ergonomic risk factors for MSDs
increases a worker's risk of injury
• Repetition
• High force
• Awkward postures
– Work-related MSDs are among the
most frequently reported causes
of lost or restricted work time.
Source: OSHA
77
Risk factors for MSDs:
• Overexertion
• Repetitive tasks
• Awkward posture/positions
• Localized pressure
• Cold temperatures
• Vibration
• Combined exposure
78
Protection against ergonomic hazards:
• Use ergonomically designed tools
• Use correct work practices
– Proper lifting techniques
• Ask for help when handling:
– Heavy loads
– Bulky/Awkward materials
• Properly fitting PPE
Source: NIOSH
79
Hazard Communications
and Chemical Safety
80
Hazard Communication Program
Requirements for a written program:

• Develop, implement, and maintain a
written hazard communication program
• Main intent is to ensure compliance with
standard in a systematic way that
coordinates all elements
81
Components of written program:

• Lists of hazardous chemicals present at
worksite
• Availability of SDSs to employees and
downstream employers
• Labeling of chemical containers
• Training programs regarding hazards of
chemicals and protective measures
82
List of hazardous chemicals:
• Use product identifier
– Product name, common name or chemical name
– Same as name used on SDS and label
• Inventory of chemicals – employer must have
available an SDS for each
• Covers all chemicals in all forms, whether
contained or not
• Include chemicals in containers, pipes, and
those generated by work operations
83
Safety data sheet (SDS):

• Available and accessible to workers
• Required for all hazardous chemical used
• Do not use hazardous chemicals if there is
no SDS available
• 16-section format
Source: OSHA
84
SDS documentation:
• Designate person(s) responsible for
obtaining and maintaining SDSs
• Describe how SDSs are
maintained and how
employees can access them
• Procedures if SDS is not
received with first shipment
• Must have SDS for each chemical;
Source: OSHA
train workers on SDS format and use
85
SDS 16-section format:
• Section 1: Identification
• Section 2: Hazard(s) identification Source: OSHA
• Section 3: Composition/information on ingredients

• Section 4: First-aid measures
• Section 5: Fire-fighting measures
• Section 6: Accidental release measures
• Section 7: Handling and storage
• Section 8: Exposure control/personal protection
86
• Section 9: Physical and chemical properties
• Section 10: Stability and reactivity
• Section 11: Toxicological information
• Section 12: Ecological information
• Section 13: Disposal considerations Not regulated
• Section 14: Transport information by OSHA
• Section 15: Regulatory information

• Section 16: Other information
87
Source: OSHA
88
Labeling:
• All containers of hazardous materials must
be labeled
• Immediate warning
• Snapshot of hazards and protective
information
89
Documentation for labeling:
• Designate person(s) responsible for labeling
compliance
• Describe alternatives to labeling of stationary
process containers
• Ensure all workplace containers are labeled
appropriately
• Labels included in training (shipping and
workplace containers)
• Procedures for reviewing/updating workplace
label information
90
Required elements for shipping labels:
• Name, address, telephone number
• Product identifier
• Signal word
• Hazard statement(s)
• Precautionary
statement(s)
• Pictogram
This sample illustrates the required elements for shipping labels. Source: OSHA
91
Requirements for workplace labels:
• Employers can create own labeling system that
works for their workplace/employees
• Can choose same label required for shipped
containers or alternative labels as long as they
provide general information about hazards
• Train employees to understand
Source: OSHA
92
Training requirements:
• Train employees on
hazardous chemicals
in their work area
– Before initial assignment
– When new hazards are introduced Source: OSHA
– Nonroutine tasks
• Include in training
– Methods/observations to determine
presence/release of chemical in work area
– Hazards of chemicals
– Appropriate protective measures
– Where and how to obtain additional information
93
Hazard Communication Labels
Types of labels:
• HCS shipping labels
• HCS workplace labels
• NFPA 704 labels
• HMIS labels
• DOT shipping labels,
placarding, and markings
94
Required elements for
HCS shipping labels:
• Product identifier
• Signal word
• Hazard statement(s)
• Precautionary
statement(s)
• Pictogram
• Name, address,
telephone number Source: OSHA
95
How the
hazardous
chemical is
identified
Contact
information of
Responsible Party
Source: OSHA
96
Indicates the
relative level of
Pictograms
severity of hazard;
convey specific
information about
“Danger” is used
the hazards of a
for more severe
chemical in
hazards and
symbols and
“Warning” for less
other graphic
severe hazards
elements
Source: OSHA
97
Hazard
Communication
Labels
Health Hazard
Exclamation
Flame Mark
Source: OSHA
98
Hazard
Communication
Labels
Gas Cylinder
Exploding
Corrosion
Bomb
Source: OSHA
99
Hazard
Communication
Labels
Skull
Flame
Environmental
andOver
Crossbones
Circle
(Non-Mandatory)
Source: OSHA
100
Describes
Statement assigned
recommended
to hazard class and
measures that should
category that
be taken to minimize or
describes the nature
prevent adverse effects
of the hazard(s), of a
resulting from exposure
chemical, including,
to a hazardous
where appropriate,
chemical, or improper
the degree of hazard.
storage or handling.
Source: OSHA
101
Requirements for workplace labels:
• Same information as label from manufacturer
or product identifier and words, pictures,
symbols or combination thereof
• May include signs, placards, process sheets,
batch tickets, operation procedures, other
written materials
102
• Alternative workplace labels:
– Permitted for workplace labels
– Must provide at least general information
regarding hazards of chemicals
– Hazard warnings or pictograms that conflict
with HCS label elements cannot be used
– Examples: NFPA 704 and HMIS
Source: OSHA Source: TEEX
103
Other labels:
• NFPA 704
– Overall diamond shape
made up of four smaller
diamonds
– Each smaller diamond
is a different color
– Numbers within smaller
diamonds represent
severity of hazard
Source: OTIEC
104
– NFPA 704 – hazards and severity ratings
FlammabilityBlue = Health Hazards

White = Other Special Hazards
Hazard 0= normal material that
W= reactivity to water
poses no health
OX = oxidizer
Yellow = Instability Hazards
Health Red 1==Flammability
slight hazardHazards
Instability
SA = simple asphyxiant
0= normally stableHazard Hazard
0=2will not burn hazard
= moderate
1 = slight hazard 1 =3flashpoint
= extremeabove
hazard200°F
2 = moderate hazard Other 2 = flashpoint between
4 = deadly hazard
Special 100 – 200°F
3 = extreme hazard
Hazard
4 = deadly hazard 3 = flashpoint below 100°F
4 = flashpoint less than 73°F
Source: OTIEC
105
Source: OSHA
106
• HMIS label
– Intended for “In-plant” (workplace) labeling compliance
– Color-coded bars
– Numerical scale, 0-4, (Product identifier)
with 0 as lowest
hazard and 4 as HEALTH
highest hazard
• 0 = minimal hazard FLAMMABILITY
• 1 = slight hazard
• 2 = moderate hazard PHYSICAL HAZARD
• 3 = serious hazard PERSONAL PROTECTION
• 4 = severe hazard
Source: OTIEC
107
• HMIS hazard indicators PPE Index:
A = safety glasses
B = safety glasses + gloves
(Product identifier) C = safety glasses + gloves + apron
D = face shield + gloves + apron
E = safety glasses + gloves + dust
HEALTH respirator
F = safety glasses + gloves + apron
+ dust respirator
FLAMMABILITY G = safety glasses + gloves + vapor
respirator
H = splash goggles + gloves + apron
PHYSICAL HAZARD + vapor respirator
I = safety glasses + gloves + dust
PERSONAL PROTECTION and vapor respirator
J = splash goggles + gloves + apron
Source: OTIEC
+ dust and vapor respirator
K = air-line hood or mask + gloves +
full suit + boots
X = ask supervisor or safety specialist
108
Ammonium Hydroxide
HEALTH * 2
FLAMMABILITY 0
PHYSICAL HAZARD 0
PERSONAL PROTECTION
J
Source: OTIEC
109
FIRE SAFETY
AND
FIRE CODE
Fire safety is the set of practices intended to reduce the
destruction caused by fire. Fire safety measures include
those that are intended to prevent ignition of an
uncontrolled fire, and those that are used to limit the
development and effects of a fire after it starts. Fire safety
measures include those that are planned during
the construction of a building or implemented in structures
that are already standing, and those that are taught to
occupants of the building. Threats to fire safety are
commonly referred to as fire hazards. A fire hazard may
include a situation that increases the likelihood of a fire or
may impede escape in the event a fire occurs. Fire safety is
often a component of building safety. Those who inspect
buildings for violations of the Fire Code and go into schools
to educate children on Fire Safety topics are fire department
members known as Fire Prevention Officers. The Chief Fire
Prevention Officer or Chief of Fire Prevention will normally
train newcomers to the Fire Prevention Division and may
also conduct inspections or make presentations.
FIRE CODE
In the United States, the fire code (also fire prevention code or fire
safety code) is a model code adopted by the state or local jurisdiction and enforced by
fire prevention officers within municipal fire departments. It is a set of rules
prescribing minimum requirements to prevent fire and explosion hazards arising from
storage, handling, or use of dangerous materials, or from other specific hazardous
conditions. It complements the building code. The fire code is aimed primarily at
preventing fires, ensuring that necessary training and equipment will be on hand,
and that the original design basis of the building, including the basic plan set out by
the architect, is not compromised. The fire code also addresses inspection and
maintenance requirements of various fire protection equipment in order to maintain
optimal active fire protection and passive fire protection measures.
A typical fire safety code includes administrative sections about the rule-
making and enforcement process, and substantive sections dealing with fire
suppression equipment, particular hazards such as containers and transportation for
combustible materials, and specific rules for hazardous occupancies, industrial
processes, and exhibitions.
Sections may establish the requirements for obtaining permits and specific
precautions required to remain in compliance with a permit. For example, a fireworks
exhibition may require an application to be filed by a licensed pyrotechnician,
providing the information necessary for the issuing authority to determine whether
safety requirements can be met. Once a permit is issued, the same authority (or
another delegated authority) may inspect the site and monitor safety during the
exhibition, with the power to halt operations, when unapproved practices are seen or
when unforeseen hazards arise.
List of some typical fire and explosion issues in a fire code
 Fireworks, explosives, mortars and cannons, model rockets (licenses for
manufacture, storage, transportation, sale, use)
 Certification for servicing, placement, and inspecting fire extinguishing
equipment
 General storage and handling of flammable liquids, solids, gases (tanks,
personnel training, markings, equipment)
 Limitations on locations and quantities of flammables (e.g., 10 liters of gasoline
inside a residential dwelling)
 Specific uses and specific flammables (e.g., dry cleaning, gasoline distribution,
explosive dusts, pesticides, space heaters, plastics manufacturing)
 Permits and limitations in various building occupancies (assembly hall, hospital,
school, theater, elderly care, child care, prs) that require a smoke
detector, sprinkler system, fire extinguisher, or other specific equipment or
procedures
 Removal of interior and exterior obstructions to emergency exits or firefighters
and removal of hazardous materials
 Permits and limitations in special outdoor applications (tents, asphalt kettles,
bonfires, etc.)
 Other hazards (flammable decorations, welding, smoking, bulk matches, tire
yards)
 Electrical safety codes such as the National Electrical Code (by the National Fire
Protection Association) for the U.S. and some other places in the Americas
 Fuel gas code
 Car fire
Confined
Space Entry
What is Confined Space?
• Is large enough & so configured that employee

can bodily enter & perform assigned work
• Has limited or restricted means for entry or exit
(i.e. tanks, vessels, silos, pits, vaults or hoppers)
• Is not designed for continuous employee
occupancy
Examples
Types of Confined Space
• Non-Permitted
• … does NOT contain physical, chemical or atmospheric hazards capable of causing
death or serious physical harm
• Permitted
• … DOES contain physical, chemical or atmospheric hazards capable of causing death or
serious physical harm
Characteristics of a Confined Space
• Internal configuration
• Open - no obstacles, barriers or obstructions within space
(i.e. water tank)
• Obstructed - permit space contains some type of obstruction
that rescuer would need to maneuver around, such as baffle
or mixing blade
• Large equipment, such as ladder or scaffold brought into space for
work purposes, would be considered obstruction if positioning or
size of equipment would make rescue more difficult
• Elevation
• Elevated - permit space where entrance portal or opening is
above grade ≥ 4 ft
• Usually requires knowledge of high angle rescue procedures
because of difficulty in packaging & transporting patient to
ground from portal
• Non-elevated - permit space with entrance portal located ≤ 4
ft above grade
• Will allow rescue team to transport injured employee normally
• Portal size
• Restricted - portal ≤ 24” in least dimension
• Too small to allow rescuer to simply enter space while
using SCBA
• Too small to allow normal spinal immobilization of
injured employee
• Unrestricted - portal ≥ 24” in least dimension
• These portals allow relatively free movement into and
out of permit space
• Space access
• Horizontal - portal located on side of permit space
• Use of retrieval lines could be difficult
• Vertical - portal located on top of permit space;
rescuers must climb down, or at bottom of permit
space, rescuers must climb up to enter space
• May require knowledge of rope techniques or special
patient packaging to safely retrieve downed entrant
The Peoples Involved in a Confined Space
Attendant
• An observant, competent/experienced person stationed outside of a

confined space to assist the entrant
Responsibilities
• Know the hazards associated with the space
• Be aware of the effects of hazardous exposures
• Maintain accountability of entrants
AUTHORIZED ENTRANT
• A worker authorized to enter a confined space.

Responsibilities
• Continually communicate with attendant
• Alert the attendant when necessary
• Exit the space quickly when required
• Use required equipment properly
ENTRY SUPERVISOR
• The employee responsible for overseeing the Confined Space entry

operations; permit signing; and safety compliance
RESPONSIBILITIES
• Ensure all entries on the written permit are appropriate
• Ensure all tests, procedures and equipment are used
• Perform no duties that interfere with supervisor duties
Emergency Response
• Attendant alerts the rescue services

• Close off the area
• Get authorized entrants out of the space
• Perform first aid if needed.
• Chest or body harnesses are worn by authorized entrant to allow for safe
rescue.
GENERAL CS ENTRY PROCEDURE
1.Conduct an assessment
2. Post signage; Barricade
3.Write the Permit
4.Perform pre-entry tests
5.Follow all other safety procedures
• PPE
• LO/TO
• Ventilation
6. Pre-entry briefing
7. Perform entry & work
8. Perform continuous atmospheric tests
9. Exit the confined space
10. Debrief employees/contractors
11. Verify completion
Hazards that you may encounter
• Unstable or dangerous work surfaces

• Falling objects
• Insects or animals
• Biological
Scaffolds
Scaffolding, also called scaffold or staging, is
a temporary structure used to support a work crew and
materials to aid in the construction, maintenance
and repair of buildings, bridges and all other man made
structures. Scaffolds are widely used on site to get access to
heights and areas that would be otherwise hard to get to.
BARRICADES
What are Barricades
An improvised barrier erected across a street or other
thoroughfare to prevent or delay the movement of opposing
forces.
Means a physical barrier, usually temporary, erected or
placed to restrict the entry of persons to an area and or prevent
personnel being exposed to a hazard.
Types of Barricades
Soft Barricades
Soft barricades are those that use an approved tape to
prevent or restrict access to an area. They are suitable in
situations where physical protection by use of a safety barrier
system is not warranted.
Hard Barricades
A hard barricade is a self-supporting fence, or a self-
supporting series of continuous plastic, concrete or other solid
barriers, erected or placed to restrict the entry of persons to an
area. Examples include scaffold tubes, concertina/expandable
barriers, and water filled plastic or concrete modular devices.
Types of Barricades
Caution tape barricade is to be used to highlight hazards to
other personnel that may need to access the area. Any person
may access into a caution barricaded area, as long as they have
familiarized themselves with the hazards detailed on the
barricade signage and implemented any controls indicated on
the signage. This tape is not appropriate for medium, high or
extreme risk hazards e.g. unprotected edges, falling objects,
electrical hazards.
Restricted Access Barricades
Shall be erected to prevent unauthorized personnel
from accessing the barricaded area.
Electrical Work Barricades

Shall be erected to prevent access to Electrical Hazard
High voltage Testing Barricades

Shall be erected around the item under test to provide
a minimum safe distance.
Safety Requirement for Light Barricades

Are commonly installed across road ways and will
remain in place during hours of darkness
Removal of Barricades
Barricades shall be removed once they are no longer
required
Responsibilities
Manager
The manager Operations that the Procedure is
implemented and maintained throughout the operations.
Coordinators and Supervisor
Shall ensure the maintenance of the barricade in
accordance with the procedure. Shall ensure the sufficiency of
the supplies.
Employees and Contractors
Shall ensure that they do not access a barricaded area
unless the conditions detailed on the barricade signs are
complied.
They maintain and monitor the condition of barricades in
their work areas.

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Basic Electrical Safety

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Basic Electrical

O Current (amperage) is the amount of

O Resistance slows down the flow of

O Duration of Contact with Electricity

O Part of the Body contacted

A safe work environment is not always enough

If you are working on electrical circuits or with

milliampere (milliamp or mA)— 1/1,000 of an ampere

shocking current—electrical current that passes through a part of the body

The longer the shock, the greater the injury.

Some injuries from electrical shock cannot be seen.

6-25 milliamps (women)† Painful shock. Muscular control

that may cause workers’

Source of photos: OSHA

Welding fumes Dust particulates

Source of photos: OSHA

Source of photos: OSHA

Swallowing via eating

Drawn through skin

Warning Signs of Potential Chemical

Source: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Source: OSHA

Source of graphics: OSHA Hazard Communication Pictograms

Source: Occupational Dermatoses (CDC)

Source of photos: OSHA

Source of photos: OSHA

during “hotwork” on stainless

can cause chronic lung disease, as well as

transportation, construction, remediation,

throat irritation; dizziness; nausea

Source: OSHA Source: OSHA Source: CDC

Poisonous Plants Water/Sewage Bloodborne Pathogens

Source: OSHA Source: OSHA Source: OSHA

• Possible effects of exposure

Source of photos: OSHA

controls Source: OSHA; photo courtesy of National Park

The best way to protect yourself from Zika, as

Source of photos: OSHA

Rash; Cramps Burns Fatigue Interferences

Exhaustion Sickness Strains Stress

Stroke Aging Carpal Tunnel Tinnitus

Hypothermia Cancer HAVS Headaches

Frostbite DNA Mutations Raynaud’s Hearing Loss

Eliminate or substitute hazard, whenever feasible

Eliminate or substitute hazard, whenever feasible

Eliminate or substitute hazard, whenever feasible

Protection against vibration:

Eliminate or substitute hazard, whenever feasible

Eliminate or substitute hazard, whenever feasible

Source of photos: OSHA

Source of photos: OSHA

Source of photos: OSHA

• Properly fitting PPE

Requirements for a written program:

Components of written program:

Safety data sheet (SDS):

train workers on SDS format and use

• Section 3: Composition/information on ingredients

• Section 15: Regulatory information

Source of graphics: OSHA