STROKE REHAB, PMR Referensi

PM&R Approach to
Stroke Rehabilitation
A Treatment Plan for
Optimum Patient Recovery
Stroke
Goals of Presentation
Improve effectiveness of stroke rehabilitation
– identify, assess, treat
– roles of PCP, PM&R, & other specialists
Provide information and resources on
standardized treatment
Stroke
BACKGROUND
Stroke
Stroke Statistics
600,000 strokes yearly in U.S.
Third leading cause of death in U.S.
– 150,000+ stroke deaths annually
– 17%-34% mortality in first 30 days
Stroke
Stroke Statistics
Leading cause of adult disability
– 4.4M stroke survivors with disablements
– 25%-50% partially/totally dependent in ADL
Costs $45.3 billion/year in care and lost earnings
Stroke
Definition of Stroke
A cerebrovascular event
Focal or global disturbances of
cerebral function
14+ hours duration or death
Vascular in origin
Stroke
Definition of Disablement
Organ dysfunction (impairment)
Difficulty with tasks (disability)
Social disadvantage (handicap)
Stroke
Elements of Stroke Rehabilitation

Prevention
Treatment
Compensation
Maintenance
Reintegration
Stroke
Goals of the Physical Medicine
& Rehabilitation Specialist
Restore patient to maximum mobilization
Help patient regain functional independence
and confidence
Provide measures to prevent falls and
ensure safety
Educate patient and family about secondary
prevention
Facilitate psychosocial adjustment
Stroke
Important Facts About
Diagnosis & Treatment
Early treatment is essential for maximal recovery
<3-hr window for TPA
3-6 hr window for thrombolytic therapy
Only 40% reach hospital in 24 hrs
Patients most likely to benefit are least likely to
arrive in time
Stroke
Poor Public Awareness of Stroke

40% of older Americans do not know stroke
occurs in brain
91% do not know sudden blurred/decreased
vision is symptom
85% do not know loss of balance/
coordination is symptom
Stroke
Poor Public Awareness of Stroke

Only 40% would call 911 if experiencing
symptoms
67% are unaware of brief therapeutic window
for effective treatment
Stroke
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF
REHABILITATION
Stroke
Interdisciplinary Care
 Medical specialties
– PM&R
– family practice
– geriatrics
– neurology
– internal medicine
– psychiatry
Stroke
Interdisciplinary Care
 Allied health team members
– rehab nurses
– psychologists
– OTs
– recreational therapists
– PTs
– speech pathologists
– medical social services personnel
Stroke
Patient Assessment
 Standardized protocols
– repeated clinical examinations
– full & consistent documentation
throughout
Stroke
Patient Assessment
 Assessment targets
– neurologic impairments
– medical problems
– disabilities
– living conditions and community reintegration
Stroke
Continuity of Care and
Family Involvement
Multiple care settings during
recovery
Patient and family must:
– be fully informed &
participate in decisions
– participate actively in
rehabilitation
Stroke
REHABILITATION DURING
ACUTE HOSPITALIZATION
Stroke
Clinical Evaluation
Where: setting that has coordinated services
By whom:
– acute care physician
– rehabilitation consultants (PM&R physicians)
– nursing staff
Stroke
Clinical Evaluation
For what purposes:
– determine etiology, pathology, & severity
– assess comorbidities
– document clinical course
When: admission & during acute hospitalization
Stroke
Mobilization
Within 12-24 hours, if possible
Daily active/passive ROM exercises
Progressively increased activity
Changes of position in bed
– pullsheet method
– limb positioning & support
Encouragement to resume self-care & socialization
Stroke
Measures to Prevent Recurrent Stroke

Carotid endarterectomy in patients who have
70%-99% carotid artery obstruction.
Anticoagulants in patients with atrial
fibrillation and other nonvalvular cause of
embolic stroke.
Antiplatelet agents in patients who have had
transient ischemic attack (TIA).
Stroke
Preventing Deep
Venous Thrombosis (DVT)
Heparin
– low molecular weight (LMWH), or
– low-dose unfractionated (LDUH)
Other effective measures
– intermittent pneumatic compression
– elastic stockings
Stroke
Management of Dysphagia
 Goals
– prevent dehydration and malnutrition
– prevent aspiration and pneumonia
– restore ability to chew and swallow safely
Stroke
 Compensatory treatments
– changes in posture for swallowing
– learning new swallowing maneuvers
– changes in food texture and bolus size
Stroke
 Fallback measures
– parenteral or tube feeding
– gastrostomy for long-term tube feeding
Stroke
Maintaining Skin Integrity

Daily inspection
Routine cleansing
Protection from moisture
Frequent position changes
Maintenance of adequate hydration/nutrition
Individual mobility-improvement measures
Stroke
Managing Bowel/Bladder Function

Timed voiding
Clean intermittent catheterization
Indwelling catheter as last resort
Stroke
Preventing Falls
At-admission and periodic risk assessment
High-risk factors
– visual neglect
– slowness in performing tasks
– impulsive movements
– older age
– history of falls
– multiple transfer situations
Stroke
REHABILITATION
AFTER THE ACUTE PHASE
Stroke
Screening for Rehabilitation & Setting

Identify patients who will benefit
Identify problems needing treatment
Determine appropriate rehabilitation setting
as soon as patient is medically stable
Stroke
Patient Characteristics Suggestive
of Poor Rehabilitation Outcomes
Severe functional/motor/cognitive deficits
Persistent urinary/fecal incontinence
Severe visual/spatial deficits
Sitting imbalance
Severe aphasia
Stroke
Patient Characteristics Suggestive
of Poor Rehabilitation Outcomes
Altered level of consciousness
Major depression
Severe comorbidities
Disability before stroke
Older age
Stroke
Threshold Criteria for Admission
to a Rehabilitation Program
Medically/moderately stable
One or more persistent disabilities
Able to learn
Physical endurance sufficient to:
– sit at least 1 hour per day
– participate in rehabilitation
Stroke
Criteria for Admission to an
Interdisciplinary Rehabilitation Program
 Disabilities in two or more of the following
– mobility – bowel/bladder control
– swallowing – communication
– pain management – performance of ADL
– caognition – emotional function
Stroke
Setting Rehabilitation Goals

Both short- and long-term
Realistic
Agreed upon by all parties
Specific about roles, tasks, and activities
Stroke
Developing a Management Plan

 The management plan should identify
– significant impairments and disabilities
– measures to prevent recurrence
– treatments for comorbidities
– rehabilitation interventions
– plans for periodic monitoring
Stroke
POST-ACUTE MANAGEMENT
OF SPECIFIC CONDITIONS
Stroke
Managing Sensorimotor Deficits
and Impaired Mobility
1. Remediation/facilitation to
enhance motor recovery
2. Compensatory training to
improve function
3. Adaptive devices/orthotics
Stroke
Managing Cognitive and
Perceptual Deficits
 Cognitive/perceptual problems require
– goal-directed treatment plans
– retraining
– substitution of intact abilities
– compensatory approaches
Stroke
Diagnosing Depression
Symptoms and history
– diminished interest in activities
– loss of energy/appetite/concentration
– sleep disturbances/agitation
– feelings of worthlessness/suicidal thoughts
– history/observed behavior changes
Stroke
Diagnosing Depression
Causes to rule out
– medications, e.g., sedatives
– environmental factors
Confirming diagnosis: clinical interview by
mental health professional
Stroke
Treating Depression
Mild depression
– attention/encouragement, therapeutic activities
– simple environmental changes
More severe depression
– antidepressant medications
– psychotherapy
Stroke
Treating Speech/Language Disorders

 Aphasia
– language retrieval
– improved comprehension
 Dysarthria/apraxia of speech
– reinstate normal intelligibility
– assistive devices
Stroke
Physiatrist’s Spectrum of Care

 Issues for pediatric patients
– school re-entry
– self-esteem
 Issues for younger adults
– vocational considerations
– child care
– sexual relations
Stroke
Physiatrist’s Spectrum of Care

 Issues for older adults
– aging
– sexual relations
– self care; inability to remain at home
Stroke
OUTCOMES
Stroke
Factors Related to Improved
Functional Outcome
Increased functional skills on admission to
rehabilitation
Early initiation of rehabilitation services
Rehabilitation in an interdisciplinary versus a
multidisciplinary setting
Stroke
Poor Prognostic Indicators

Proprioceptive facilitation (tapping)
response > 9 days
Traction response (of shoulder
flexors/adductors) > 13 days
Prolonged flaccid period
Stroke

Onset of motion > 2-4 weeks
Severe proximal spasticity
Absence of voluntary hand movement
> 4-6 weeks
Stroke

Unilateral spatial neglect or hemineglect
Abnormal illness behavior (AIB)
Depression
Stroke
Cognitive/Psychological Factors
Associated with Better Outcomes
 Higher scores for
– attention
– calculations
– judgment
 Better performance in
– comprehension
– short-term verbal memory
– abstract thinking
Stroke
Measures of Successful Rehabilitation

Normalized health patterns
Freedom from physical pain/emotional
distress/impairments
Retention of cognitive/communicative abilities
Mobility and independence in ADL
IMPROVED QUALITY OF LIFE
Stroke
Summary: Requirements for
Successful Rehabilitation
In-depth assessment at all phases
Appropriate patient selection
Early introduction to rehabilitation
Teamwork approach in multidisciplinary setting
Shared goals and management plan
Detailed, shared record keeping
Stroke

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STROKE REHAB, PMR Referensi

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PM&R Approach to

Elements of Stroke Rehabilitation

Poor Public Awareness of Stroke

Poor Public Awareness of Stroke

Measures to Prevent Recurrent Stroke

Maintaining Skin Integrity

Managing Bowel/Bladder Function

Screening for Rehabilitation & Setting

Setting Rehabilitation Goals

Developing a Management Plan

Treating Speech/Language Disorders

Physiatrist’s Spectrum of Care

Physiatrist’s Spectrum of Care

Poor Prognostic Indicators

Poor Prognostic Indicators

Poor Prognostic Indicators

Measures of Successful Rehabilitation

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