UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DEL ALTIPLANO
INGENIERIA MECANICA ELECTRICA ( UNA )
CAPITULO 0 MATLAB
PARTE III
M.Sc. Ing. Julio Fredy Chura
Acero
Outline:
What is Matlab?
Matlab Screen
Variables, array, matrix, indexing
Operators (Arithmetic, relational, logical )
Display Facilities
Flow Control
Using of M-File
Writing User Defined Functions
Conclusion
What is Matlab?
Matlab is basically a high level language
which has many specialized toolboxes for
making things easier for us
How high?
Matlab
High Level
Languages such as
C, Pascal etc.
Assembly
What are we interested in?
Matlab is too broad for our purposes in this
course.
The features we are going to require is
Matlab
Series of
Matlab
commands
Command
m-files mat-files
Line
functions Command execution Data
Input like DOS command storage/
Output window loading
capability
Matlab Screen
Command Window
type commands
Current Directory
View folders and m-files
Workspace
View program variables
Double click on a variable
to see it in the Array Editor
Command History
view past commands
save a whole session
using diary
Variables
No need for types. i.e.,
int a;
double b;
float c;
All variables are created with double precision unless
specified and they are matrices.
Example:
>>x=5;
>>x1=2;
After these statements, the variables are 1x1 matrices
with double precision
Array, Matrix
a vector x = [1 2 5 1]
x =
1 2 5 1
a matrix x = [1 2 3; 5 1 4; 3 2 -1]
x =
1 2 3
5 1 4
3 2 -1
transpose y = x’ y =
1
2
5
1
Long Array, Matrix
t =1:10
t =
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
k =2:-0.5:-1
k =
2 1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1
B = [1:4; 5:8]
x =
1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8
Generating Vectors from functions
zeros(M,N) MxN matrix of zeros x = zeros(1,3)
x =
0 0 0
ones(M,N) MxN matrix of ones
x = ones(1,3)
x =
1 1 1
rand(M,N) MxN matrix of uniformly
distributed random x = rand(1,3)
numbers on (0,1) x =
0.9501 0.2311 0.6068
Matrix Index
The matrix indices begin from 1 (not 0 (as in C))
The matrix indices must be positive integer
Given:
A(-2), A(0)
Error: ??? Subscript indices must either be real positive integers or logicals.
A(4,2)
Error: ??? Index exceeds matrix dimensions.
Concatenation of Matrices
x = [1 2], y = [4 5], z=[ 0 0]
A = [ x y]
1 2 4 5
B = [x ; y]
1 2
4 5
C = [x y ;z]
Error:
??? Error using ==> vertcat CAT arguments dimensions are not consistent.
Operators (arithmetic)
+ addition
- subtraction
* multiplication
/ division
^ power
‘ complex conjugate transpose
Matrices Operations
Given A and B:
Addition Subtraction Product Transpose
Operators (Element by Element)
.* element-by-element multiplication
./ element-by-element division
.^ element-by-element power
The use of “.” – “Element” Operation
A = [1 2 3; 5 1 4; 3 2 1]
A=
1 2 3
5 1 4
3 2 -1
b = x .* y c=x./y d = x .^2
x = A(1,:) y = A(3 ,:)
b= c= d=
x= y= 3 8 -3 0.33 0.5 -3 1 4 9
1 2 3 3 4 -1
K= x^2
Erorr:
??? Error using ==> mpower Matrix must be square.
B=x*y
Erorr:
??? Error using ==> mtimes Inner matrix dimensions must agree.
Basic Task: Plot the function sin(x)
between 0≤x≤4π
Create an x-array of 100 samples between 0
and 4π.
>>x=linspace(0,4*pi,100);
Calculate sin(.) of the x-array
1
0.8
0.6
>>y=sin(x); 0.4
0.2
Plot the y-array -0.2
-0.4
-0.6
>>plot(y) -0.8
-1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Plot the function e-x/3sin(x) between
0≤x≤4π
Create an x-array of 100 samples between 0
and 4π.
>>x=linspace(0,4*pi,100);
Calculate sin(.) of the x-array
>>y=sin(x);
Calculate e-x/3 of the x-array
>>y1=exp(-x/3);
Multiply the arrays y and y1
>>y2=y*y1;
Plot the function e-x/3sin(x) between
0≤x≤4π
Multiply the arrays y and y1 correctly
>>y2=y.*y1;
Plot the y2-array
0.7
>>plot(y2) 0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
-0.1
-0.2
-0.3
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Display Facilities 0.7
0.6
0.5
plot(.) 0.4
0.3
Example:
0.2
0.1
>>x=linspace(0,4*pi,100); 0
>>y=sin(x); -0.1
>>plot(y) -0.2
>>plot(x,y) -0.3
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
0.7
stem(.) 0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
Example:
0.2
0.1
>>stem(y) 0
>>stem(x,y) -0.1
-0.2
-0.3
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Display Facilities
title(.)
>>title(‘This is the sinus function’)
This is the sinus function
1
0.8
xlabel(.) 0.6
0.4
>>xlabel(‘x (secs)’) 0.2
sin(x)
0
ylabel(.) -0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
>>ylabel(‘sin(x)’) -1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
x (secs)
Operators (relational, logical)
== Equal to
~= Not equal to
< Strictly smaller
> Strictly greater
<= Smaller than or equal to
>= Greater than equal to
& And operator
| Or operator
Flow Control
if
for
while
break
….
Control Structures
Some Dummy Examples
If Statement Syntax
if ((a>3) & (b==5))
Some Matlab Commands;
if (Condition_1) end
Matlab Commands
if (a<3)
elseif (Condition_2) Some Matlab Commands;
Matlab Commands elseif (b~=5)
Some Matlab Commands;
elseif (Condition_3) end
Matlab Commands
if (a<3)
else Some Matlab Commands;
Matlab Commands else
end Some Matlab Commands;
end
Control Structures
Some Dummy Examples
For loop syntax for i=1:100
Some Matlab Commands;
end
for i=Index_Array for j=1:3:200
Some Matlab Commands;
Matlab Commands end
end for m=13:-0.2:-21
Some Matlab Commands;
end
for k=[0.1 0.3 -13 12 7 -9.3]
Some Matlab Commands;
end
Control Structures
While Loop Syntax
Dummy Example
while (condition)
Matlab Commands while ((a>3) & (b==5))
Some Matlab Commands;
end end
Use of M-File
Click to create
a new M-File
• Extension “.m”
• A text file containing script or function or program to run
Use of M-File Save file as Denem430.m
If you include “;” at the
end of each statement,
result will not be shown
immediately
Writing User Defined Functions
Functions are m-files which can be executed by
specifying some inputs and supply some desired outputs.
The code telling the Matlab that an m-file is actually a
function is
function out1=functionname(in1)
function out1=functionname(in1,in2,in3)
function [out1,out2]=functionname(in1,in2)
You should write this command at the beginning of the
m-file and you should save the m-file with a file name
same as the function name
Writing User Defined Functions
Examples
Write a function : out=squarer (A, ind)
Which takes the square of the input matrix if the input
indicator is equal to 1
And takes the element by element square of the input
matrix if the input indicator is equal to 2
Same Name
Writing User Defined Functions
Another function which takes an input array and returns the sum and product
of its elements as outputs
The function sumprod(.) can be called from command window or an m-file as
Notes:
“%” is the neglect sign for Matlab (equaivalent
of “//” in C). Anything after it on the same line
is neglected by Matlab compiler.
Sometimes slowing down the execution is
done deliberately for observation purposes.
You can use the command “pause” for this
purpose
pause %wait until any key
pause(3) %wait 3 seconds
Useful Commands
The two commands used most by Matlab
users are
>>help functionname
>>lookfor keyword
There are several predefined variables, for example, pi.
>> pi
ans =3.1416
Notice how MATLAB displays four decimal places. If you desire additional
precision,
enter the following:
>> format long
Now when pi is entered the result is displayed to 15 significant figures:
>> pi
ans =
3.14159265358979
To return to the four decimal version, type
>> format short
The following is a summary of the format commands you will employ
routinely in engineering
and scientific calculations. They all have the syntax: format type.
Thank You…
