An Introduction to Cost

Terms and Purposes

Chapter 2

©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster 2-1
 Learning Objective 1

Define and illustrate

a cost object.

©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster 2 -2

 Cost and Cost Terminology

Cost is a resource sacrificed or forgone to achieve

a specific objective.
An actual cost is the cost incurred (a historical cost)
as distinguished from budgeted costs.
A cost object is anything for which a separate
measurement of costs is desired.

©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster 2 -3

 Cost and Cost Terminology

Cost Object
Cost
Cost Object
Accumulation
Cost Object
Cost Tracing
Assignment
Allocating
©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster 2 -4
 Learning Objective 2

Distinguish between direct costs

and indirect costs.

©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster 2 -5

 Direct and Indirect Costs
COST
COSTOBJECT
OBJECT
Direct Costs
Example: Paper on which
Example:
Example:Sports
Sports
Sports Illustrated magazine
Illustrated
Illustratedmagazine
magazine
is printed
Indirect Costs
Example: Lease cost for
Time of India building-
housing the senior editors
of its magazine

©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster 2 -6

 Direct and Indirect Costs
Example
Direct Costs:
Maintenance Department Rs.40,000
Personnel Department Rs.20,600
Assembly Department Rs.75,000
Finishing Department Rs.55,000
Assume that Maintenance Department costs are
allocated equally among the production departments.
How much is allocated to each department?
©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster 2 -7
 Direct and Indirect Costs
Example
Maintenance
Rs.40,000

Assembly Finishing
Direct Costs Direct Costs
Rs.75,000 Rs.55,000
Rs.20,000 Rs.20,000
Allocated
©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster 2 -8
 Learning Objective 3

Explain variable costs

and fixed costs.

©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster 2 -9

 Cost Behavior Patterns Example

Bicycles by the Atlas buys a handlebar

at Rs.52 for each of its bicycles.
What is the total handlebar cost when
1,000 bicycles are assembled?

©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster 2 - 10

 Cost Behavior Patterns Example

1,000 units × Rs.52 = Rs.52,000

What is the total handlebar cost
when 3,500 bicycles are assembled?
3,500 units × Rs.52 = Rs.182,000

©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster 2 - 11

 Cost Behavior Patterns Example

Bicycles by the Atlas incurred Rs.94,500 in

a given year for the leasing of its plant.
This is an example of fixed costs with
respect to the number of bicycles assembled.

©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster 2 - 12

 Cost Behavior Patterns Example

What is the leasing (fixed) cost per bicycle

when Bicycles assembles 1,000 bicycles?
Rs.94,500 ÷ 1,000 = Rs.94.50
What is the leasing (fixed) cost per bicycle
when Bicycles assembles 3,500 bicycles?
Rs.94,500 ÷ 3,500 = Rs.27

©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster 2 - 13

 Cost Drivers

The cost driver of variable costs is the level

of activity or volume whose change causes
the (variable) costs to change proportionately.
The number of bicycles assembled is a
cost driver of the cost of handlebars.

©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster 2 - 14

 Relevant Range Example

Assume that fixed (leasing) costs are Rs.94,500

for a year and that they remain the same for a
certain volume range (1,000 to 5,000 bicycles).
1,000 to 5,000 bicycles is the relevant range.

©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster 2 - 15

 Relevant Range Example

Rs.94,500

©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster 2 - 16

 Relationships of Types of Costs
Direct

Variable Fixed

Indirect

©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster 2 - 17

 Learning Objective 4

Interpret unit costs cautiously.

©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster 2 - 18

 Total Costs and Unit Costs
Example

What is the unit cost (leasing and handlebars)

when Bicycles assembles 1,000 bicycles?
Total fixed cost Rs.94,500
+ Total variable cost Rs.52,000 = Rs.146,500
Rs.146,500 ÷ 1,000 = Rs.146.50

©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster 2 - 19

 Total Costs and Unit Costs
Example
Rs.146,500
R s.52x
, 50 0 +
Rs.94

Rs.94,500

©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster 2 - 20

 Use Unit Costs Cautiously

Assume that Bicycles management uses a

unit cost of Rs.146.50 (leasing and wheels).
Management is budgeting costs for
different levels of production.
What is their budgeted cost for an
estimated production of 600 bicycles?
600 × Rs.146.50 = Rs.87,900
©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster 2 - 21
 Use Unit Costs Cautiously

What is their budgeted cost for an estimated

production of 3,500 bicycles?
3,500 × Rs.146.50 = Rs.512,750
What should the budgeted cost be for an
estimated production of 600 bicycles?

©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster 2 - 22

 Use Unit Costs Cautiously

Total fixed cost Rs. 94,500

Total variable cost (Rs.52 × 600) 31,200
Total Rs.125,700
Rs.125,700 ÷ 600 = Rs.209.50
Using a cost of Rs.146.50 per unit would
underestimate actual total costs if output
is below 1,000 units.

©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster 2 - 23

 Use Unit Costs Cautiously

What should the budgeted cost be for an

estimated production of 3,500 bicycles?
Total fixed cost Rs. 94,500
Total variable cost (52 × 3,500) 182,000
Total Rs.276,500
Rs.276,500 ÷ 3,500 = Rs.79.00

©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster 2 - 24

 Learning Objective 5

Distinguish among
manufacturing companies,
merchandising companies, and
service-sector companies.

©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster 2 - 25

 Manufacturing

Manufacturing
Manufacturing companies
companies
purchase
purchase materials
materials and
and components
components andand
convert
convert them
them into
into finished
finished goods.
goods.

A
Amanufacturing
manufacturing company
company must
must also
also develop,
develop,
design,
design, market,
market, and
and distribute
distribute its
its products.
products.
©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster 2 - 26
 Merchandising

Merchandising
Merchandising companies
companies
purchase
purchase and
and then
then sell
sell tangible
tangible products
products
without
without changing
changing their
their basic
basic form.
form.

©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster 2 - 27

 Merchandising

Service
Service companies
companies
provide
provide services
services or or intangible
intangible
products
products to
to their
their customers.
customers.

Labor
Labor isis the
the most
most significant
significant cost
cost category.
category.

©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster 2 - 28

 Learning Objective 6

Differentiate between
inventoriable costs
and period costs.

©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster 2 - 29

 Types of Inventory

Manufacturing-sector companies
typically have one or more of the
following three types of inventories:
1. Direct materials inventory
2. Work in process inventory (work
in progress)
3. Finished goods inventory
©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster 2 - 30
 Types of Inventory

Merchandising-sector companies hold

only one type of inventory – the
product in its original purchased form.
Service-sector companies do not
hold inventories of tangible products.

©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster 2 - 31

 Classification of
Manufacturing Costs

Direct materials costs

Direct manufacturing labor costs

Indirect manufacturing costs

©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster 2 - 32

 Learning Objective 7

Describe the three categories of

inventories commonly found
in manufacturing companies.

©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster 2 - 33

 Inventoriable Costs

Inventoriable costs (assets)…

become cost of goods sold…

after a sale takes place.

©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster 2 - 34

 Period Costs

Period costs are all costs in the income

statement other than cost of goods sold.
Period costs are recorded as expenses of the
accounting period in which they are incurred.

©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster 2 - 35

 Flow of Costs Example

Bicycles by the Atlas had Rs.50,000 of direct

materials inventory at the beginning of the period.
Purchases during the period amounted to
Rs.180,000 and ending inventory was Rs.30,000.
How much direct materials were used?
Rs.50,000 + Rs.180,000 – Rs.30,000 = Rs.200,000

©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster 2 - 36

 Flow of Costs Example

Direct labor costs incurred were Rs.105,500.

Indirect manufacturing costs were Rs.194,500.
What are the total manufacturing costs incurred?
Direct materials used Rs.200,000
Direct labor 105,500
Indirect manufacturing costs 194,500
Total manufacturing costs Rs.500,000
©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster 2 - 37
 Flow of Costs Example
Assume that the work in process inventory
at the beginning of the period was Rs.30,000,
and Rs.35,000 at the end of the period.
What is the cost of goods manufactured?
Beginning work in process Rs. 30,000
Total manufacturing costs 500,000
Ending work in process 35,000
Cost of goods manufactured Rs.495,000
©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster 2 - 38
 Flow of Costs Example
Assume that the finished goods inventory
at the beginning of the period was Rs.10,000,
and Rs.15,000 at the end of the period.
What is the cost of goods sold?
Beginning finished goods Rs. 10,000
Cost of goods manufactured 495,000
Ending finished goods 15,000
Cost of goods sold Rs.490,000
©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster 2 - 39
 Flow of Costs Example

Work in Process
Beg. Balance 30,000 495,000
Direct mtls. used 200,000
Direct labor 105,500
Indirect mfg. costs 194,500
Ending Balance 35,000

©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster 2 - 40

 Flow of Costs Example
Finished Goods
Work in Process 10,000 490,000
495,000 495,000
15,000

Cost of Goods Sold

490,000

©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster 2 - 41

 Manufacturing Company
BALANCE SHEET INCOME STATEMENT
Inventoriable
Costs Revenues
when deduct
Finished sales
Materials occur Cost of
Goods
Inventory Goods Sold
Inventory
Equals Gross Margin
deduct
Work in
Process Period
Inventory Costs
Equals Operating Income
©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster 2 - 42
 Merchandising Company
BALANCE SHEET INCOME STATEMENT
Inventoriable
Costs Revenues
when deduct
sales
Merchandise occur Cost of
Inventory
Purchases Goods Sold
Equals Gross Margin
deduct
Period
Costs
Equals Operating Income
©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster 2 - 43
 Prime Costs

Direct Direct Prime

Materials + Labor = Costs

©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster 2 - 44

 Prime Costs

What are the prime costs for Bicycles by the Atlas?

Direct materials used Rs.200,000
+ Direct labor 105,500
= Rs.305,000

©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster 2 - 45

 Conversion Costs

Direct Manufacturing Conversion

Labor + Overhead = Costs

Indirect Indirect
Labor Materials Other
©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster 2 - 46
 Conversion Costs

What are the conversion costs for

Bicycles by the Atlas?
Direct labor Rs.105,500
+ Indirect manufacturing costs 194,500
= Rs.300,000

©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster 2 - 47

 Measuring Costs
Requires Judgment

Manufacturing labor-cost classifications

vary among companies.
The following distinctions are generally found:
Direct manufacturing labor
Manufacturing overhead

©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster 2 - 48

 Measuring Costs
Requires Judgment

Manufacturing overhead

Indirect labor Managers’ salaries Payroll fringe costs

Forklift truck operators (internal handling of materials)
Janitors Rework labor
Overtime premium Idle time

©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster 2 - 49

 Measuring Costs
Requires Judgment

Overtime premium is usually

considered part of overhead.
Assume that a worker gets Rs.18/hour
for straight time and gets
time and one-half for overtime.

©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster 2 - 50

 Measuring Costs
Requires Judgment

How much is the overtime premium?

Rs.18 × 50% = Rs.9 per overtime hour
If this worker works 44 hours on a given
week, how much are his gross earnings?
Direct labor 44 hours × Rs.18 = Rs.792
Overtime premium 4 hours × Rs. 9 = 36
Total gross earnings Rs.828
©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster 2 - 51
 Learning Objective 8

Explain why product costs are

computed in different ways
for different purposes.

©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster 2 - 52

 Many Meanings of Product Cost

A product cost is the sum of the costs

assigned to a product for a specific purpose.
1. Pricing and product emphasis decisions
2. Contracting with government agencies
3. Preparing financial statements for external
reporting under generally accepted
accounting principles
©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster 2 - 53
 Learning Objective 9

Present key features of

cost accounting and
cost management.

©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster 2 - 54

 A Framework for Cost
Management

Three features of cost accounting

and cost management:
1. Calculating the costs of products
2. Obtaining information
3. Analyzing information

©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster 2 - 55

 End of Chapter 2

©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster 2 - 56