Topic 1 Matrix
Topic 1 Matrix
Matrix
1
What Is A Matrix?
Other examples:
3
What Is A Matrix? (cont.)
4
Order Of A Matrix
3 5 2
row 7 8 6
row column
1 5 4
Column Matrix
A matrix that has only one column.
8
2
3
Row Matrix
A matrix that has only one row.
6 2 7
7
Zero Matrix
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
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Identity Matrix
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
The identity matrix is usually written as "I".
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Diagonal Of A Matrix
2 3 5 3 2 1
A
T
B T 4 1 6
6 1 3
5 0 2
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Orthogonal Matrix
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Symmetric Matrix
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Triangular Matrix (cont.)
Upper Triangular Lower Triangular
* * * * * * 0 0 0 0
0 * * * * * * 0 0 0
0 0 * * * * * * 0 0
0 0 0 * * * * * * 0
0 0 0 0 * * * * * *
Upper Unit Triangular Lower Unit Triangular
1 * * * * 1 0 0 0 0
0 1 * * * * 1 0 0 0 * Represents
0 0 1 * * * * 1 0 0 any numbers
0 0 0 1 * * * * 1 0
0 0 0 0 1 * * * * 1
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Mathematical Operations
involving a Matrix and a Scalar
We can apply the following operations
where one operand is a scalar (number) and
one is a matrix:
Multiplication (x)
Division (/)
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Mathematical Operations involving a
Matrix and a Scalar: Multiplication
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Mathematical Operations involving a
Matrix and a Scalar : Division
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Mathematical Operations on Two
Matrices
Only three binary mathematical
operations are defined:
Addition
Subtraction
Multiplication
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Mathematical Operations on Two
Matrices : Addition
Addition is only defined for two
matrices with the same order/size.
Add the corresponding elements.
Matrix addition is commutative.
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Mathematical Operations on Two
Matrices : Subtraction
Subtraction is just addition with
unary inversion of the second matrix.
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Basic Rules for Matrix
Arithmetic (cont.)
Zero Matrix
A is a matrix and 0 is the zero matrix sized appropriately for
the indicated operation to be valid.
Transpose
A and B are matrices and c is any scalar
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Example : Multiplication
4 2 1 1 ,
Given A = and B =
0 2 3 3
5
Compute AB
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Example : Multiplication
= 465 = 3
0 6 15 21
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Exercise 1
For the following matrices perform the indicated
operation, if possible
1. A + B 2 -4 -10
11 11 17
4
4
-2 -4 -4 0
2. B – A 13 -5 -3 14
Compute
15 55/2
-7 -22/3
0
4
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Exercise 3
13 -53 17
AC= -56 -23 81
CA= can’t be done, because of
the sizes
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Exercise 4
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The Identity Matrix
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The Identity Matrix
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Exercise 5
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The Determinant of 2 X 2
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The Determinant of 3 X 3
A = 33
B = -467
C=0
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The Determinant & Singular
Matrix
Higher order determinants are calculated
recursively using the determinants of
smaller submatrices (discuss in Topic 3).
A matrix with whose determinant has value
zero is called a singular matrix. If the
determinant is not zero, the matrix is non-
singular.
Exercise: Determine which matrices is
singular and non-singular in the previous
exercise A, B = non-singular
C = singular 42
The Matrix Inverse
DEFINITION:
If A is a n x n matrix and an inverse of A is an n x n
matrix A-1, such that
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The Matrix Inverse of 2 X 2
An inverse of 2 X 2 matrix:
a b
if A =
c d
-1
-1
a b 1 d -b
then A = =
c d ad - bc - c a
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The Matrix Inverse of 2 X 2
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The Matrix Inverse of 3 X 3
If a b c
A= d e f
g h i
Where a b c
a b c
a minor = d e f = ei - fh bminor = d e f = di - fg
g h i g h i
a b c a b c
c minor = d e f = dh - eg d minor = d e f = bi - ch
g h i g h i 48
The Matrix Inverse of 3 X 3 :
Find Minor
a b c a b c
e minor = d e f = ai - cg f minor = d e f = ah - bg
g h i g h i
a b c a b c
g minor = d e f = bf - ce hminor = d e f = af - cd
g h i g h i
a b c
i minor = d e f = ae - bd
g h i 49
The Matrix Inverse of 3 X 3 :
Find Cofactor
add –ve value to the circled element
in the minor matrix
a minor bminor c minor
A minor = d minor e minor f minor
g minor hminor i minor
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The Matrix Inverse of 3 X 3 :
Find Adjoint
Transpose the cofactor to obtain the
adjoint matrix
a minor - (bminor ) c minor
Cofactor = - (d minor ) e minor - (f minor )
g minor - (hminor ) i minor
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The Matrix Inverse of 3 X 3 :
Example
Find the inverse of the matrix 1 -1 0
A= 1 0 -1
-6 2 3
Solution: Step 1: Find the Determinant
1 -1 0 1 -1
1 0 -1 1 0
-6 2 3 -6 2
det A=1( 0 )( 3 ) + (-1 )(-1 )(-6 ) + 0( 1 )( 2 ) - (-6 )( 0 )( 0 ) - 2(-1 )( 1 ) - 3( 1 )(-1 )
= 0 + (-6 ) + 0 -0 -(-2 ) - (-3 )
=-6 +2 + 3
= -1 52
The Matrix Inverse of 3 X 3 :
Example
Solution: Step 2: Find the Minor 1 -1 0
a minor bminor c minor
A minor = d minor e minor f minor A= 1 0 -1
g minor hminor i minor -6 2 3
1 -1 0
a minor = 1 0 -1 = 0(3) -(-1)(2) = 0- (-2) = 2
-6 2 3
1 -1 0
bminor = 1 0 -1 = 1(3) -(-1)( - 6) = 3- (6) = - 3
-6 2 3 53
The Matrix Inverse of 3 X 3 :
Example
1 -1 0
c minor = 1 0 -1 = 1(2) -(0)( - 6) = 2- 0 = 2
-6 2 3
1 -1 0
d minor = 1 0 -1 = - 1(3) -(0)(2) = -3- 0 = -3
-6 2 3
1 -1 0
e minor = 1 0 -1 = 1(3) -(0)( - 6) = 3- 0 = 3
-6 2 3
1 -1 0
f minor = 1 0 -1 = 1(2) -(-1)(-6) = 2- 6 = -4
-6 2 3 54
The Matrix Inverse of 3 X 3 :
Example
1 -1 0
g minor = 1 0 -1 = - 1( - 1) -(0)(0) = 1- 0 = 1
-6 2 3
1 -1 0
hminor = 1 0 -1 = 1( - 1) -(0)(1) = -1- 0 = -1
-6 2 3
1 -1 0
i minor = 1 0 -1 = 1(0) -( - 1)(1) = 0- ( -1) = 1
-6 2 3
a minor bminor c minor 2 -3 2
A minor = d minor e minor f minor = -3 3 -4
g minor hminor i minor 1 -1 1
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The Matrix Inverse of 3 X 3 :
Example
Solution: Step 3: Find the Cofactor
a minor - (bminor ) c minor
Cofactor = - (d minor ) e minor - (f minor )
g minor - (hminor ) i minor
2 -(-3) 2
Cofactor = -(-3) 3 -(-4)
1 -(-1) 1
2 3 2
=3 3 4
1 1 1 56
The Matrix Inverse of 3 X 3 :
Example
Solution: Step 4: Find the Adjoint
a minor - (d minor ) g minor
Adjoint = - (bminor ) e minor - (hminor )
c minor - (f minor ) i minor
2 3 2T 2 3 1
Adjoint = 3 3 4 = 3 3 1
1 1 1 2 4 1
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The Matrix Inverse of 3 X 3 :
Example
Solution: Step 5: Replace results in formula
-1 1
A = adj(A)
A
2 3 1
1
A -1 = 3 3 1
-1
2 4 1
-2 -3 -1
= -3 -3 -1
-2 -4 -1
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Exercise 8
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