RECTANGULAR ELEMENT

• Each edge is parallel to the coordinate direction (not practical)

• Lagrange interpolation for shape function calculation
• Interpolation:
 u1  1   2 x1   3 y1   4 x1y1
u  1   2 x   3 y   4 xy u     x   y   x y
 2 1 2 2 3 2 4 2 2
v  1  2 x  3 y  4 xy 
u3  1   2 x 3  3 y 3   4 x 3 y 3
u4  1   2 x 4  3 y 4   4 x 4 y 4
4 3
y
?
 u1 
u 
1 2  
x u(x,y)  [N1 N2 N3 N4 ]  2 
u3 
u4 

1
 LAGRANGE INTERPOLATION
• Interpolation in one dimension

x1 x x2
u1 u(x) u2

u ( x)  N1 ( x)u1  N 2 ( x)u2

x  x2 x  x1
N1 ( x)  , N 2 ( x) 
x1  x2 x2  x1

lx x
u ( x)  u1  u2
l l

2
 LAGRANGE INTERPOLATION cont.
uII
• Along edge 1-2, y = y1 (constant) 4 3
y

u 
uI (x,y1 )  [n1(x) n2 (x)]  1 
u2 
x  x2 x  x1
1 uI x 2
n1(x)  , n2 (x) 
x1  x 2 x 2  x1

• Along edge 4-3, y = y3 (constant)

u4 
uII (x,y 3 )  [n4 (x) n3 (x)]  
u3 

x  x3 x  x4
n4 (x)  , n3 (x) 
x 4  x3 x3  x 4

3
 LAGRANGE INTERPOLATION cont.
uII
• Y-direction 4 3
y

 uI (x,y1 ) 
u(x,y)  [n1(y) n4 (y)]  
 II
u (x,y 3 
)
1 uI x 2
y  y4 y  y1
n1(y)  , n4 (y) 
y1  y 4 y 4  y1
• Combine together

  u1  
 [n1(x) n2 (x)]   
 u2  
u(x,y)  [n1(y) n4 (y)]  
[n (x) n (x)] u4 
 4 3  
 u3 

4
 LAGRANGE INTERPOLATION cont.
• Final form
 u1 
u 
 
u(x,y)  [n1(x)n1(y) n2 (x)n1(y) n3 (x)n4 (y) n 4 (x)n 4 (y)]  2 
u3 
u4 
 1
N
 1  n1 (x)n1 (y)  (x 3  x)(y 3  y) 4
A 3
 y
1
N  n (x)n (y)   (x  x)(y  y)
 2 2 1
A
1 3


N  n (x)n (y)  1 (x  x)(y  y)
 3 3 4
A
1 1
1 2
 1
x
N4  n4 (x)n4 (y)   (x 3  x)(y1  y)
 A

What property does each shape function

need to have?

5
 SHAPE FUNCTIONS
• Shape functions for rectangular elements are product of
Lagrange interpolations in the two coordinate directions.
• Note that N1(x, y) is:
– 1 at node 1 and 0 at other nodes.
– Linear function of x along edge 1-2 and linear function of y along edge
1-4.
– Zero along edge 2-3 and 3-4.
• Other shape functions have similar behavior.

Why is it important that it varies

N1
linearly along edges?

4 3

1 2
6
 INTERPOLATION cont.
• Displacement interpolation
– Same interpolation for both u and v.
u1 
v 
 1
u2 
 
u  N 0 N2 0 N3 0 N4 0  v 2 
{u}      1  
v  0 N1 0 N2 0 N3 0 N4  u3 
v 3 
 
u4 
v 4 

{u}  [N]28 {q} 81

7
 Quiz like questions
• Which node has the shape function
y
(1-x)(1-y)?
• If the displacements at all the
nodes are zero except that 4 (0,1) 3 (1,1)
v3=0.02, what are the
displacements at the point
(0.5,0.5), the center of the element/
• Why is it important that the
displacements vary linearly along x
an edge? 1 (0,0) 2 (1,0)
• Answers in the notes page

8
 EXAMPLE 6.3
• Shape Functions y

( x  3)( y  2)  x( y  2)
N1  N2  4 (0,2) 3 (3,2)
6 6
xy  y ( x  3)
N3  N4 
6 6
x

1 (0,0) 2 (3,0)

N1 N2

9
 STRAIN DISPLACEMENT MATRIX
• Strain-displacement relation
– Similar to CST element

u   4  4 Ni
 xx    
x x  i1
Ni (x,y)ui   
 i1 x
ui u1 
v 
 1
u2 
 y  y3 0 y3  y 0 y  y1 0 y1  y 0  
v 2 
{ }   0 
1
x  x3 0 x1  x 0 x  x1 0 x3  x  
A  u
 x  x 3 y  y3 x1  x y 3  y x  x 1 y  y 1 x 3  x y1  y   3 
v 3 
 
u4 
v 4 
 [B]{q}
– [B] is a linear function of x and y.
– Strain will change linearly within the element (not completely linear in
both directions)

10
 STIFFNESS MATRIX
• Element stiffness matrix (from strain energy)
h h (e) T
U(e)      
T (e) T (e)
{ } [ C]{ } dA { q } [B] 83 [ C] 33 [B] 38 dA{ q }
2A 2 A

1 (e) T (e)
 {q } [k ]88 {q(e) }
2

– Generally depends on aspect ratio of element NOT SIZE

– A square, plane-stress, rectangular element:

 36 1
8  312 1 3 
8
3 
12  1
8

6
13 
8 
 1 3  13  
 1 3  1 3 
 312 
 8 6 8 6 8 12 8

  312 13 
8
3 
6  1
8

6
1 3 
8
3 
12
1
8

 3  
Eh  183  
 1 3  13 
 312 1
12 
[k ] 
(e) 6 8 6 8 8

1   2  312  1  13  3  1

 312 1 3  

 1  
8 6 8 6 8 8

 8  312
3  1 3  1 3  13 
12 8 8 6 8 6 
 6 1 3  3  1
 312 13  3 
 1 
 13  
8 12 8 8 6 8

 8  312 1
8
3 
12
1 3 
8

6  1
8
3 
6  
11
 APPLIED LOADS
• Nodal and distributed forces are the same with CST element
• Body force (constant body force b = {bx, by}T)
b x  b x 
V (e)
 h [u v]   dA  {q } h [N] dA  
(e) T T

A b y  A b y 
 {q(e) } T {fb(e) }

1 0 b x 
0  b 

1
  y
1 0 b x 
  b  
hA  0 1   x  hA b y 
{fb } 
(e)
   
4 1 
0 b y  4 b x 
  b y 
0 1
  Equally divide the total magnitude
1 0  b x  of the body force to the four nodes
  b 
0 1
 y
12
 EXAMPLE 6.4– SIMPLE SHEAR
y
• E = 10 GPa, v = 0.25, h=0.1m
• F = 100 kN/m2
• {Qs} = {u1, v1, u2, v2, u3, v3, u4, v4}T. 4 f 3

• Non-zero DOFs: u3 and u4.

• Stiffness matrix 1m
1m
Eh  36  312  u3
[K]    3 3  
1  2  12 6  u4 1 2
x
• FEM equation (after applying BC)
 4.89 2.89  u3  5,000 
 
8
10   
 2.8 9 4.8 9  4 
u 5,000 
• Nodal displacements
u3  u4  0.025mm
13
 EXAMPLE – SIMPLE SHEAR cont.
0 
• Strain & Stress 0 
 
0 
 y  1 0 1  y 0 y 0  y 0    0 
   
{ }   0 0 1 x 
0
x 1 0 x 0 x 
 2.5  10 5   
0

 x  1 y  1  x 1  y x y 1  x  y    2.5  10 5 
0   
 5 
 2.5  10 
0 

 xx   1 0.25 0  0   0 
  1010 0.25    
 yy   1 0  0    0  Pa
1  0.25 2  
   0 0.375  2.5  10 5  105  How do you
 xy 
0
check the
stresses?
gxy Deformed
Undeformed shape
shape

14
 Quiz-like problems
• In the rectangular element, what is the dependence of xx on x
and y?
• If in the element shown on Slide 13, if we fully constrain Node
4 (that is also no x displacement)
– Calculate the displacements
– Calculate the strains
– Calculate the horizontal reaction at Node 4
• Answers in notes page
0 
0 
 
0 
y  1 0 1 y 0 y 0 y 0   y 
   
{ }   0 0 1 x 
0
x 1 0 x 0 x   2.5  10 5 0 
  2.5  10 5
 x  1 y  1  x 1  y x y 1  x  y    x 
 
0 
 
 0 
0 

15
 EXAMPLE 6.5 – PURE BENDING
• Couple M = 100 kN.m, same material properties same h
y
• Analytical solution
f
M(  L2 )
( xx )max   6.0MPa 4 3
I
xx  6.0(1  2y) MPa 1m
1m
• FEM solution
1 2 f
– Non-zero DOFs: u2, v2, u3, and v3. x

 4.89 1.67 0.44 0.33  u2   100,000 

 1.67 4.89  
0.33 2.89  v 2  
 0 

108      
 0.44 0.33 4.89 1.67  u3  100,000 
 
 0.33 2.89 1.67 4.89  v 3  
  0 


u2  0.4091mm, v 2  0.4091mm
u3  0.4091mm, v 3  0.4091mm
16
 EXAMPLE – PURE BENDING cont.
• Strain & Stress 0 
0 
 
0.41 
y  1 0 1 y 0 y 0 y 0   0.41 10 3 (1  2y) 
0.41   
{ }   0 x 1 0 x 0 x 0 1 x   3

 0.41  
10 0

 x  1 y  1  x 1  y x y 1  x  y     0.41  10 3
(1  2x) 
0.41   
 
 0 
0 
 xx   1 0.25 0  0.41 10 3 (1  2y)  4.4(1  2y) 
  1010
0.25    
 yy   2 
1 0
  0    1.1(1  2y)  MPa
  1  0.25
  0 0 0.375  0.41 10 3 (1  2x) 1.6(1  2x) 
 xy

Undeformed
shape
Unable to make curvature
Deformed Trapezoidal shape -> non-zero shear stress
shape
(xx)max /(xx)exact = 4.364/6.0 (73%)
Exact????
17