CHAPTER 1
Plane Strain Analysis
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mohd Khir B. Mohd Nor
What is plane stress?
• State of stress??
• Plane stress??
• Stress transformation??
• Mohr’s circle??
What is plane strain?
• State of strain at a point in a body??
– Combination of three comps. of normal
strains 𝝐𝑥 , 𝝐𝑦 , 𝝐𝑧 , and three comps. of
shear strains 𝜸𝑥𝑦 , 𝜸𝑥𝑧 , 𝜸𝑦𝑧
• Plane strained element is subjected to
two normal strain, and one component of
shear strain
• These comps. will vary according to the
orientation of elements
Normal and Shear Strains
Deformations caused by each strains
Normal strains: produce changes in length
Shear strains: relative rotation of two
adjacent sides
GENERAL EQUATION OF PLANE STRAIN
TRANSFORMATION
Transformation of normal & shear
strains
x, y component to x’, y’
SIGN CONVENTION!!
Normal strains ex and ey are
positive if cause elongation along x
and y axis
Shear strain gxy is positive if the
interior angle AOB become smaller
than 900.
q0 will be positive counterclockwise
Normal Strains, ex , ey
• In Fig a :
dx dx ' cos q
dy dx ' sin q
ex = dx/dx
• when positive ex occurs
line dx elongated ex dx
• which causes line dx’ to
elongate ex dx cos q.
Normal Strains, ex , ey
• The same analysis goes to ey
ey = dy/dy
• when occurs, it cause line dx’
to elongate
ey dy sin q
Shear strain, gxy
• Shear strain refers to change in angle (radian)
between dx and dy
• It causes the top line dy to be displaced gxy dy
to the right.
• Hence causes dx’ to elongate gxy dy cos q
Normal and Shear Strains (cont.)
• Adding all the elongations
d x e x dx cos q e y dy sin q g xy dy cos q
'
dx dx ' cos q
dx '
ex' '
dy dx '
sin q
dx
e x (dx ' cos q) cos q e y (dx ' sin q) sin q g xy (dx ' sin q) cos q
ex'
dx '
e x ' e x cos 2 q e y sin 2 q g xy sin q cos q
Normal and Shear Strains (cont.)
e x ' e x cos 2 q e y sin 2 q g xy sin q cos q
cos 2 q sin 2 q 1
cos 2 q (1 cos 2q ) / 2
sin 2q 2 sin q cos q
Hence
ex ey ex ey g xy
ex
' cos 2q sin 2q
2 2 2
ex ey ex ey g xy
ey
' cos 2q sin 2q
2 2 2
To get 𝜺𝒚′ : Substituting (θ+90°) forθ
Normal and Shear Strains (cont.)
Using trigonometric identities:
ex ey ex ey g xy
e x' cos 2q sin 2q
2 2 2
ex ey ex ey g xy
e y' cos 2q sin 2q
2 2 2
g x ' y' ex ey g xy
sin 2q cos 2q
2 2 2
2
ex ey e x e y g xy
2
• Principal Strains
– Only normal strains
e1, 2
– No shear strain
2 2 2
g xy
• Direction axis of principal tan 2qp
strain: (e x e y )
g max,in plane e x e y g xy
2 2
• Max in Plane shear strain
2 2 2
ex ey
• Ave normal strain e ave
2
• Direction axis of shear ex ey
strain tan 2qs
g
xy
CHAPTER 1
Plane Strain Analysis
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mohd Khir B. Mohd Nor
Construction of the Mohr’s Circle
• (horizontal) represents the
normal strain e, with positive to
the right
• (vertical) represents half the
value of the shear strain, g/2,
with positive downward.
• center of the circle C, is on
the e axis, e avg= (e x + e y)/2 from
the origin.
• Plot point A = (e x, g xy/2).
Represents q = 0.
• R = distance between A to C
• Once R has been determined,
sketch the circle centred C
2
ex ey e x e y g xy
2
• Principal Strains
– Only normal strains
e1, 2
– No shear strain
2 2 2
g xy
• Direction axis of principle tan 2qp
strain: (e x e y )
g max,in plane e x e y g xy
2 2
• Max in Plane shear strain
2 2 2
ex ey
• Ave normal strain e ave
2
• Direction axis of shear ex ey
strain tan 2qs
g
xy
Principal Strain
• Principal strain = no shear
strain
• B, D = e1 , e2
• Angle on Mohrs circle = 2q
• critical angle = (angle
between CA to horizantal)/2
• Rotation must be in the same
direction for plane and circle
• +ve value of e1 , e2 = elongate
element in x’ and y’ directions
Maximum In Plane Shear Strain
• At points E and F. i.e
= 2R
• Angle is halves the
same direction as on
circle
• E.g line CA to CE
Strains on Arbitrary Plane
• Similar as value at arbitrary
plane (other plane angle)
• Correspond normal and
shear strain at P & Q
Three-Dimensional Analysis of Strain
Previously demonstrated that three
principal axes exist such that the
perpendicular element faces are free of
shearing stresses.
By Hooke’s Law, it follows that the
shearing strains are zero as well and
that the principal planes of stress are
also the principal planes of strain.
Rotation about the principal axes may be
represented by Mohr’s circles.
7- 30
Three-Dimensional Analysis of Strain
For the case of plane strain where the x and
y axes are in the plane of strain,
- the z axis is also a principal axis
- the corresponding principal normal
strain is represented by the point Z = 0
or the origin.
If the points A and B lie on opposite sides
of the origin, the maximum shearing
strain is the maximum in-plane shear
strain, D and E.
If the points A and B lie on the same side of
the origin, the maximum shear strain is
out of the plane of strain and is
represented by the points D’ and E’.
7- 31
Three-Dimensional Analysis of Strain
Consider the case of plane stress,
x a y b z 0
Corresponding normal strains,
a b
ea
E E
a
eb b
E E
e c a b e a e b
E 1
Strain perpendicular to the plane of stress
is not zero.
If B is located between A and C on the
Mohr-circle diagram, the maximum
shearing strain is equal to the diameter
7- 32
CA.
CHAPTER 1
Plane Strain Analysis
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mohd Khir B. Mohd Nor
Strain Rosettes
• The axes of the three
gauges are arranged at the
angles of qa, qb, qc.
• If the reading of ea, eb, ec
are taken, ex, ey, gxy can be
defined.
• Value of ex, ey, gxy are
determined by solving
these equations.
e a e x cos 2 qa e y sin 2 qa g xy sin qa cos qa
Not e b e x cos 2 qb e y sin 2 qb g xy sin qb cos qb
given
e c e x cos 2 qc e y sin 2 qc g xy sin qc cos qc
45o or Rectangular Rosette
q a 00
q b 450
q c 90 0
The equation become:
e x ea
e y ec
g xy 2e b e a e c
Example of 45o strain rosette
600 Strain Rosette
qa 00
q b 60 0
q c 120 0
The equation become:
e x ea
ey
1
2e b 2e c e a
3
g xy
2
e b e c
3
Example
CHAPTER 1
Plane Strain Analysis
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mohd Khir B. Mohd Nor
Stress Strain Relationship
• If a material subject to triaxial
stress (x, y, z), associated
normal stress(ex, ey, ez)
developed in the material.
• When x is applied in x-
direction, the element elongated
with ex in x direction.
• Application on y cause the
element to contract with a x
given e '
x
strain e” x in the x direction.
• Application Of z cause the y
element to contract with a e ''
x
strain e’’’ x in the x direction.
Not
z
given
e '''
x
Stress Strain Relationship (cont.)
• The same result can be given
developed for the normal ex
1
x y z
strain in the y and z
e y y x z
1
direction.
• Final results can be
e z z x y
Not 1
written as….. given
Stress Strain Relationship (cont.)
Applying only shear stress,ty to the element.
If to apply shear stress,ty to the element.
txy will only cause deformation to gxy.
txy will not cause deformation to gyz.and gxz
tyz and t xz will only cause deformation to
gyz and gxz respectively.
Hooke Law for shear stress and shear
strain written as:
1
given
g xy t xy
G
1
g yz t yz
G
Not 1
given
g xz t xz
G
Element subjected to normal Shear stress applied to the
stresses only elements
Stress Strain Relationship (cont.)
• Modulus of elasticity, E is E
G
related to shear modulus, G. given
21
• Dilatation (the change in
1 2
volume per unit volume or e x y z
‘volumetric strain’, e. E
Not
given
• Bulk Modulus (volume E
k
modulus of elasticity), k. 31 2
Stress Strain Relationship (cont.)
Plane stress relationship:
• For plane stress simplification, stresses in z directions are
considered negligible hence:
If we also ignore the rows associated with The stiffness matrix for plane stress is
the strain components with z-subscripts, found by inverting the plane stress
the compliance matrix reduces to a simple compliance matrix, and is given by:
3x3 matrix:
Stress Strain Relationship (cont.)
Plane strain relationship
• For plane strain simplification, the strains in the z direction are
considered to be negligible:
If we also ignore the rows associated with the The compliance matrix for plane strain is
stress components with z-subscripts, the found by inverting the plane strain
stiffness matrix reduces to a simple 3x3 matrix, stiffness matrix, and is given by,
pressure=stress
END OF CHAPTER 1…..
SOLID MECHANICS II 72
