Java™ How to Program, 9/e

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 Two-dimensional arrays are often used to represent tables
of values consisting of information arranged in rows and
columns.
 Identify a particular table element with two indices.
 By convention, the first identifies the element’s row and the second
its column.
 Multidimensional arrays can have more than two
dimensions.
 Java does not support multidimensional arrays directly
 Allows you to specify one-dimensional arrays whose elements are
also one-dimensional arrays, thus achieving the same effect.
 In general, an array with m rows and n columns is called an
m-by-n array.

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 Multidimensional arrays can be initialized with array
initializers in declarations.
 A two-dimensional array b with two rows and two
columns could be declared and initialized with nested
array initializers as follows:
int[][] b = { { 1, 2 }, { 3, 4 } };
 The initial values are grouped by row in braces.
 The number of nested array initializers (represented by sets of
braces within the outer braces) determines the number of rows.
 The number of initializer values in the nested array initializer
for a row determines the number of columns in that row.
 Rows can have different lengths.

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 The lengths of the rows in a two-dimensional array are
not required to be the same:
int[][] b = { { 1, 2 }, { 3, 4, 5 } };
 Each element of b is a reference to a one-dimensional array of
int variables.
 The int array for row 0 is a one-dimensional array with two
elements (1 and 2).
 The int array for row 1 is a one-dimensional array with three
elements (3, 4 and 5).

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 A multidimensional array with the same number of columns in
every row can be created with an array-creation expression.
int[][] b = new int[ 3 ][ 4 ];
 3 rows and 4 columns.
 The elements of a multidimensional array are initialized when
the array object is created.
 A multidimensional array in which each row has a different
number of columns can be created as follows:
int[][] b = new int[ 2 ][ ]; // create 2 rows
b[ 0 ] = new int[ 5 ]; // create 5 columns for row 0
b[ 1 ] = new int[ 3 ]; // create 3 columns for row 1
 Creates a two-dimensional array with two rows.
 Row 0 has five columns, and row 1 has three columns.

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 Figure 7.17 demonstrates initializing two-dimensional
arrays with array initializers and using nested for
loops to traverse the arrays.

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 In most semesters, students take several exams.
 Figure 7.18 contains a version of class GradeBook
that uses a two-dimensional array grades to store the
grades of a number of students on multiple exams.
 Each row represents a student’s grades for the entire course.
 Each column represents the grades of all the students who took
a particular exam.
 In this example, we use a ten-by-three array containing
ten students’ grades on three exams.

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 Variable-length argument lists
 Can be used to create methods that receive an unspecified
number of arguments.
 Parameter type followed by an ellipsis (...) indicates that the
method receives a variable num-ber of arguments of that
particular type.
 The ellipsis can occur only once at the end of a parameter list.

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 Command-line arguments
 Can pass arguments from the command line to an application.
 Arguments that appear after the class name in the java
command are received by main in the String array args.
 The number of command-line arguments is obtained by
accessing the array’s length attribute.
 Command-line arguments are separated by white space, not
commas.

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 Arrays class
 Provides static methods for common array manipulations.
 Methods include
 sort for sorting an array (ascending order by default)
 binarySearch for searching a sorted array
 equals for comparing arrays
 fill for placing values into an array.
 Methods are overloaded for primitive-type arrays and
for arrays of objects.
 System class static arraycopy method
 Copies contents of one array into another.

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 Java API provides several predefined data structures, called
collections, used to store groups of related objects.
 Each provides efficient methods that organize, store and retrieve your
data without requiring knowledge of how the data is being stored.
 Reduce application-development time.
 Arrays do not automatically change their size at execution time
to accommodate additional elements.
 ArrayList<T> (package java.util) can dynamically
change its size to accommodate more elements.
 T is a placeholder for the type of element stored in the collection.
 This is similar to specifying the type when declaring an array, except that
only nonprimitive types can be used with these collection classes.
 Classes with this kind of placeholder that can be used with any
type are called generic classes.

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 Figure 7.24 demonstrates some common ArrayList
capabilities.
 An ArrayList’s capacity indicates how many items
it can hold without growing.
 When the ArrayList grows, it must create a larger
internal array and copy each element to the new array.
 This is a time-consuming operation. It would be inefficient for
the ArrayList to grow each time an element is added.
 An ArrayList grows only when an element is added and the
number of elements is equal to the capacity—i.e., there is no
space for the new element.

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 Method add adds elements to the ArrayList.
 One-argument version appends its argument to the end of the
ArrayList.
 Two-argument version inserts a new element at the specified
position.
 Collection indices start at zero.
 Method size returns the number of elements in the
ArrayList.
 Method get obtains the element at a specified index.
 Method remove deletes an element with a specific value.
 An overloaded version of the method removes the element at the
specified index.
 Method contains determines if an item is in the
ArrayList.

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 Drawing arcs in Java is similar to drawing ovals—an arc is
simply a section of an oval.
 Graphics method fillArc draws a filled arc.
 Method fillArc requires six parameters.
 The first four represent the bounding rectangle in which the arc will be
drawn.
 The fifth parameter is the starting angle on the oval, and the sixth
specifies the sweep, or the amount of arc to cover.
 Starting angle and sweep are measured in degrees, with zero degrees
pointing right.
 A positive sweep draws the arc counterclockwise.
 Method drawArc requires the same parameters as fillArc,
but draws the edge of the arc rather than filling it.
 Method setBackground changes the background color of a
GUI component.

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