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Multiple Integrals: Duoble Integral

The document discusses multiple integrals and their properties. It defines double integrals over a rectangular region R as the limit of Riemann sums as the widths and heights of the rectangles approach zero. Double integrals can be of different types depending on whether the region of integration has constant or varying limits. Triple integrals are defined similarly as the volume under a three-dimensional region. Double and triple integrals can be evaluated using different coordinate systems like Cartesian, polar, or cylindrical coordinates depending on which makes the integral easiest to solve.

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athembo george
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210 views

Multiple Integrals: Duoble Integral

The document discusses multiple integrals and their properties. It defines double integrals over a rectangular region R as the limit of Riemann sums as the widths and heights of the rectangles approach zero. Double integrals can be of different types depending on whether the region of integration has constant or varying limits. Triple integrals are defined similarly as the volume under a three-dimensional region. Double and triple integrals can be evaluated using different coordinate systems like Cartesian, polar, or cylindrical coordinates depending on which makes the integral easiest to solve.

Uploaded by

athembo george
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MULTIPLE INTEGRALS

DUOBLE INTEGRAL
• We consider a function ƒ(x,y) defined on a rectangular region R.

• The lines divide R into n rectangular pieces, where the number of such pieces n gets
large as the width and height of each piece gets small.
• A small rectangular piece of width ∆x and height ∆y has area ∆A= ∆x ∆y
• If sum over R, we choose a point in the kth small rectangle, multiply the value of ƒ at
that point by the area and add together the products:
Cont….
• When a limit of the sums exists, then the function ƒ is said to be integratable and the
limit is called the double integral of ƒ over R, written as

OR

• Properties of double Integrals


Cont….
Types of Regions
1. Type 0 (non iterated)
• This are regions whereby the region is defined on clear cut boundaries that are
mostly constant , i.e drawing any vertical and horizontal line passes through the
region at similar points.
• They involve definite shapes. In such cases the order of integration is immaterial
Example
CONT…
Example 2
Evaluate the following

Soln
Cont….
NB/ The same shall be true for triple integral with constant
Assign
1. Evaluate

2. Evaluate
Cont.
2. Type I (Iterated)
• Here the limits are type 0 on the on the line drawn along the x axis and varies on the
limits drawn along the y axis

• The integral is hence expressed as


Cont..
3. Type II region
• Here the limits are type 0 on the on the line drawn along the y axis and varies on the
limits drawn along the x axis.

• In a similar manner we express the integral as.


Cont….
Example:
Evaluate the double integral over the region bounded by y=1, y=2 ,
y=x and y=-x +5
Soln
Sketch the region of integration

This is a type II region


Cont…
• a
Cont…
Example 2
Evaluate the integral over the triangle with vertices at (0, 0), (2, 0)
and (1, 1).
Soln
The sketch is

Which can be evaluated as either type I or type II


Cont….
As another way of doing it we subdivide the region into two parts as property 3 above
CONT…
Example 3
Find the area lying between the parabola y = 4x - x2 and the line y = x.
Soln
sketch is

The two curves intersect at points whose abscissa are given by


Cont…
Assign
1.

Ans

2.
Cont…
Reversing the order of integration
Some problems are easier solved by reversing the order of integration as shown
Example
Change the order of integration and hence evaluate
Soln Originally the fig is Finally it is
Cont….
q
Cont …
Assign
1. Change the order of integration and hence evaluate

Ans
2. Evaluate the integral by changing the order of integration

Ans
Conversion of Double Integral to Polar
• Sometimes the double integral can be evaluated easily by changing the variables.
Suppose x and yare functions of two variables u and v i.e. x= x (u,v) and y=y(u,v).
• The Jacobian of transformation is

• Then the region A changes into the region R under the transformations

• In polar coordinates we know


r 2  x2  y 2

• Thus
Cont….
• Example
Evaluate the integral by changing to polar
Soln
The upper limit of y is

Converting the region into polar we have


Cont….

• Assign
1. Evaluate by changing to polar
Ans
2. Use polar coordinates to evaluate

Ans
CONT….
DOUBLE INTEGRALS AS VOLUME
Cont….
Example
Find the volume under the hemisphere and above the region
bounded by a circle in the first quadrant
Soln

In polar coordinates we have

The volume is given by


Cont….
• q
Cont….
• Example 2

• Soln

• The required volume is 8 times the shown region hence


Triple integral
• The same way we developed a double integral we now have a three dimensional
fig as shown.
• ‘

• The volume expression is given by

• Type 0 volume will be solved as shown earlier regarless of the first integral we
integrate w.r.t with
• For the iterated type if we solve first w.r.t to z it yields the double integral volume just
learnt as shown
Cont….
• In solving volume integral of any shape as shown we shine light from the plane we
want to deal with first as shown and the shadow forms a a region to be dealt with as
in double integral type I or II

Example
Find the volume of the solid in the first octant bounded by the graph ,
and

Soln
The sketch is
Cont….
• Fig a shows the fig and fig b shows the x-y projection from z meaning dz is innermost
And the base is a type II meaning dx is second most and dy is last
Cont….
• The order of integration in triple intergral are 3!=6 i.e

• As in double integral we can also change from one order to another e.g
Example
Change the order of integration to read dydxdz

Soln
The sketch of original region is
Cont….
• As given the projection was made from the y axis on to the xz plane hence dy is
innermost and since dx follows it an iterated type II region on the xz plane given by

The changed order of triple integral is


Cont….
Example
Evaluate where V is the closed region bounded by the cylinder
and the planes x=0, y=0 ,y=2 and z=0.
Soln
CYLINDRICAL CORDINATES
• Example

Soln
The sketch is

Whose volume can be found though with difficulties using rectangular coordinates
Cont….
• A

• The first term is an inverse trigonometric integration doable by letting


Cont….
• a
Cont….
• Hence V=

In cylindrical coordinates we could solve it by


Cont….
• Here the integral becomes
Cont….
Example

Soln
Cont….

• Assign
1. Derive and evaluate the volume of fig below using appropriate coordinates

9
ANS =
4
Cont….
2.
Cont….
Cont….

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