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    O Level Biology (5158) : Theme 3: Continuity of Life

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    Francis Ho Ho
    Meiosis is a process of cell division that results in four haploid cells from one diploid cell. It has two rounds: Meiosis I and Meiosis II. In Meiosis I, homologous chromosomes pair up and may cross over, then separate so each daughter cell gets one chromosome of each type. Meiosis II separates the sister chromatids, resulting in four haploid cells. Meiosis produces gametes like sperm and egg for sexual reproduction, maintaining the diploid number of chromosomes in offspring while also creating genetic variation through independent assortment and crossing over.

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    O Level Biology (5158) : Theme 3: Continuity of Life

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    Francis Ho Ho
    59 views14 pages
    Meiosis is a process of cell division that results in four haploid cells from one diploid cell. It has two rounds: Meiosis I and Meiosis II. In Meiosis I, homologous chromosomes pair up and may cross over, then separate so each daughter cell gets one chromosome of each type. Meiosis II separates the sister chromatids, resulting in four haploid cells. Meiosis produces gametes like sperm and egg for sexual reproduction, maintaining the diploid number of chromosomes in offspring while also creating genetic variation through independent assortment and crossing over.

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    Meiosis is a process of cell division that results in four haploid cells from one diploid cell. It has two rounds: Meiosis I and Meiosis II. In Meiosis I, homologous chromosomes pair up and may cross over, then separate so each daughter cell gets one chromosome of each type. Meiosis II separates the sister chromatids, resulting in four haploid cells. Meiosis produces gametes like sperm and egg for sexual reproduction, maintaining the diploid number of chromosomes in offspring while also creating genetic variation through independent assortment and crossing over.

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    59 views14 pages

    O Level Biology (5158) : Theme 3: Continuity of Life

    Uploaded by

    Francis Ho Ho
    Meiosis is a process of cell division that results in four haploid cells from one diploid cell. It has two rounds: Meiosis I and Meiosis II. In Meiosis I, homologous chromosomes pair up and may cross over, then separate so each daughter cell gets one chromosome of each type. Meiosis II separates the sister chromatids, resulting in four haploid cells. Meiosis produces gametes like sperm and egg for sexual reproduction, maintaining the diploid number of chromosomes in offspring while also creating genetic variation through independent assortment and crossing over.

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    O Level Biology (5158)

    Theme 3: Continuity of life


    O Level Biology
    Subject code: 5158
    Level of study: O Levels
    Video Course Instructor: Bureau Nicolas Khairul

    Theme 3: Continuity of life


    Overview:
    1. Introduction to reproduction
    2. Sexual reproduction in plants
    3. Sexual reproduction in humans and STDs
    4. Mitosis
    5. Meiosis
    6. DNA: Building blocks of life
    7. Genes, genetic engineering and medical biotechnology
    8. Inheritance
    9. Mutation and variation
    10. Selection and evolution
    Meiosis
    Learning outcomes for Theme 3, Topic 5:
    Meiosis
    • State what is meant by homologous pairs of chromosomes
    • Identify, with the aid of diagrams, the main stages of meiosis (names
    of the sub-divisions of prophase are not required)
    • Define the terms haploid and diploid, and explain the need for a
    reduction division process prior to fertilisation in sexual reproduction
    • State how meiosis and fertilisation can lead to variation
    Meiosis
    • In sexual reproduction, gametes fuse to form a zygote
    • Gametes have half the number of chromosomes as the organism
    • Meiosis is the process of reduction division to form gametes
    • Gametes have half the chromosomes and are haploid (n) while all
    other cells in the body are diploid (2n)
    Homologous chromosomes
    • Homologous chromosomes are the same shape, same length and
    have the same genes
    • One copy comes from the mother, another comes from the father
    • During meiosis, homologous chromosomes are segregated

    Source:
    http://www.mpietrangelo.com/hbio/
    unit/9_cell_reproduction/Chapter_08
    /B_Jpegs_of_Art_and_Photos/08_La
    beled_Art_and_Photos/08_12Homol
    ogousPair-L.jpg
    Stages of meiosis
    • There are 2 parts of meiosis:
    Meiosis I and Meiosis II
    • Each consists of similar phases to
    mitosis
    Prophase I
    • Chromatin condense into chromosomes
    • Homologous chromosomes pair up (synapsis)
    • Chromatids of homologous chromosomes cross and twist around each other at
    chiasma
    • The chromosomes break and rejoin at chiasma in a process called crossing over
    • This produces new combinations of genes

    Source:
    https://d2gne97vdu
    mgn3.cloudfront.net
    /api/file/kopxooxPQ
    UKzcitCvWmz
    Metaphase I
    • Pairs of homologous chromosomes arrange themselves at the
    equator
    • Each of the homologous chromosomes will be on opposite sides of
    the equator
    • The arrangement of chromosomes is independent of each other
    Source:
    https://s3.amazonaws.c
    om/classconnection/45
    5/flashcards/2850455/p
    ng/metaphase1-
    14986F361D96CC77175
    .png
    Anaphase I
    • Homologous chromosomes move to opposite poles of the cell
    • At this point, each chromosome is still made of two sister chromatids
    • However, there are half the number of chromosomes as a parent cell

    Source:
    https://s3.amazonaws.com/classconn
    ection/455/flashcards/2850455/png/
    anaphase1-
    14986F4A24760D5A12D.png
    Telophase I
    • Nuclear envelope reforms around the cell
    • Cytoplasm divides, forming two daughter cells, each with haploid
    number of chromosomes

    Source: http://www.ontrack-
    media.net/biology/bm2l6image9.jpg
    Meiosis II
    • The steps of meiosis II follow mitosis,
    resulting in formation of a total of
    4 haploid cells

    Source:
    http://cyberbridge.m
    cb.harvard.edu/imag
    es/mitosis7_1.png
    Purpose of meiosis
    • Meiosis produces haploid gametes which help to maintain the diploid
    chromosomes of the organism after fertilization
    • Meiosis also produces genetic variation:
    • Crossing over during prophase I creates new chromosomes
    • Independent assortment of chromosomes during metaphase I means that
    many possible combinations of chromosomes are possible from a small
    number of original chromosomes
    • Variation helps to increase chances of survival during changes in the
    environment
    Thank you

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